寒冷，干燥，多风，和UV辐照--在Ojos del Salado火山（安第斯山脉，智利）测量火星相关条件
Cold, dry, windy, and UV irradiated -- surveying Mars relevant conditions in Ojos del Salado Volcano (Andes Mountains, Chile)
摘要：
本期《天体生物学》的特别论文集概述了位于智利北部阿塔卡马沙漠前安第斯山脉的奥霍斯德尔萨拉多火山的特点和未来勘探的潜力。与其他地点相比，该地点的主要好处是强烈的紫外线辐射，永久冻土的存在和干燥地形中的地热活动。有限的雪事件和风之间的相互作用导致雪块埋在干燥的土壤表面下。这导致了短暂的水流，只在白天流动。在这座火山上，有迄今为止报道的最高的地下温度监测系统，永久冻土的季节性融化之后是快速渗透事件。这是由于这些土壤的高孔隙度。结果是强风塑造的地貌。在这个地方，温泉和湖泊（后者是由融化的冰形成的）都为生命提供了栖息地;一个6480米高的湖泊被火山活动加热，显示出温暖和寒冷的沉积物，其中含有许多不同的微生物物种，包括嗜冷菌。在永冻土融化的地方，融化池在5900米处形成，主要由拟杆菌和变形菌门的种群，而在池塘沉积物和永冻土本身中，酸性细菌，放线菌，拟杆菌，Patescibacteria，变形菌和Verrucomicrobia丰富。反过来，铁醇显示存在嗜酸性铁氧化剂和铁还原物质。尽管Ojos del Salado的极端条件，但该网站很容易访问。
英文摘要：
The Special Collection of papers in this issue of Astrobiology provide an overview of the characteristics and potential for future exploration of the Ojos del Salado volcano, located in the Andes Mountains in front of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. The main benefits of this site compared with others are the combination of strong UV radiation, the presence of permafrost, and geothermal activity within a dry terrain. The interaction between limited snow events and wind results in snow patches buried under a dry soil surface. This leads to ephemeral water streams that only flow duringdaytime hours. On this volcano, which has the highest located subsurface temperature monitoring systems reported to date, seasonal melting of the permafrost is followed by fast percolation events. This is due to the high porosity of these soils. The results are landforms that shaped by the strong winds. At this site, both thermal springs and lakes (the latter arising from melting ice) provide habitats for life; a 6480m high lake heated by volcanic activity shows both warm and cold sediments that contain a number of different microbial species, including psychrophiles. Where the permafrost melts, thawing ponds have formed at 5900m that is dominated by populations of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, while in the pond sediments and the permafrost itself Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Patescibacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia are abundant. In turn, fumaroles show the presence of acidophilic iron-oxidizers and iron-reducing species. In spite of the extreme conditions reported at Ojos del Salado, this site is easily accessible.
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