SemEval is the primary venue in the NLP community for the proposal of new challenges and for the systematic empirical evaluation of NLP systems. This paper provides a systematic quantitative analysis of SemEval aiming to evidence the patterns of the contributions behind SemEval. By understanding the distribution of task types, metrics, architectures, participation and citations over time we aim to answer the question on what is being evaluated by SemEval.
This paper describes our submission to SemEval-2022 Task 6 on sarcasm detection and its five subtasks for English and Arabic. Sarcasm conveys a meaning which contradicts the literal meaning, and it is mainly found on social networks. It has a significant role in understanding the intention of the user. For detecting sarcasm, we used deep learning techniques based on transformers due to its success in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) without the need for feature engineering. The datasets were taken from tweets. We created new datasets by augmenting with external data or by using w…
Ping An Life Insurance Company of China, Ltd.（中国平安人寿保险股份有限公司）
Patronizing and condescending language (PCL) has a large harmful impact and is difficult to detect, both for human judges and existing NLP systems. At SemEval-2022 Task 4, we propose a novel Transformer-based model and its ensembles to accurately understand such language context for PCL detection. To facilitate comprehension of the subtle and subjective nature of PCL, two fine-tuning strategies are applied to capture discriminative features from diverse linguistic behaviour and categorical distribution. The system achieves remarkable results on the official ranking, including 1st in Subtask 1 …
CIC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional（墨西哥国立理工学院计算机研究中心）
Code-switching is a phenomenon in which two or more languages are used in the same message. Nowadays, it is quite common to find messages with languages mixed in social media. This phenomenon presents a challenge for sentiment analysis. In this paper, we use a standard convolutional neural network model to predict the sentiment of tweets in a blend of Spanish and English languages. Our simple approach achieved a F1-score of 0.71 on test set on the competition. We analyze our best model capabilities and perform error analysis to expose important difficulties for classifying sentiment in a code-…
This paper describes the system proposed by Sabancı University Natural Language Processing Group in the SemEval-2022 MultiCoNER task. We developed an unsupervised entity linking pipeline that detects potential entity mentions with the help of Wikipedia and also uses the corresponding Wikipedia context to help the classifier in finding the named entity type of that mention. Our results showed that our pipeline improved performance significantly, especially for complex entities in low-context settings.
University of Information Technology（信息技术大学）；Vietnam National University（越南国立大学）
We present our works on SemEval-2021 Task 5 about Toxic Spans Detection. This task aims to build a model for identifying toxic words in whole posts. We use the BiLSTM-CRF model combining with ToxicBERT Classification to train the detection model for identifying toxic words in posts. Our model achieves 62.23% by F1-score on the Toxic Spans Detection task.
We examine learning offensive content on Twitter with limited, imbalanced data. For the purpose, we investigate the utility of using various data enhancement methods with a host of classical ensemble classifiers. Among the 75 participating teams in SemEval-2019 sub-task B, our system ranks 6th (with 0.706 macro F1-score). For sub-task C, among the 65 participating teams, our system ranks 9th (with 0.587 macro F1-score).
UCAS-IIE-NLP at SemEval-2023 Task 12: Enhancing Generalization of Multilingual BERT for Low-resource Sentiment Analysis
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）
The paper describes the systems submitted to SemEval-2020 Task 8: Memotion by the `NIT-Agartala-NLP-Team'. A dataset of 8879 memes was made available by the task organizers to train and test our models. Our systems include a Logistic Regression baseline, a BiLSTM + Attention-based learner and a transfer learning approach with BERT. For the three sub-tasks A, B and C, we attained ranks 24/33, 11/29 and 15/26, respectively. We highlight our difficulties in harnessing image information as well as some techniques and handcrafted features we employ to overcome these issues. We also discuss various …
George Washington University（乔治华盛顿大学）；AWS AI（AWS人工智能）
In this paper we present an emotion classifier model submitted to the SemEval-2019 Task 3: EmoContext. The task objective is to classify emotion (i.e. happy, sad, angry) in a 3-turn conversational data set. We formulate the task as a classification problem and introduce a Gated Recurrent Neural Network (GRU) model with attention layer, which is bootstrapped with contextual information and trained with a multigenre corpus. We utilize different word embeddings to empirically select the most suited one to represent our features. We train the model with a multigenre emotion corpus to leverage usin…
We describe the Uppsala NLP submission to SemEval-2021 Task 2 on multilingual and cross-lingual word-in-context disambiguation. We explore the usefulness of three pre-trained multilingual language models, XLM-RoBERTa (XLMR), Multilingual BERT (mBERT) and multilingual distilled BERT (mDistilBERT). We compare these three models in two setups, fine-tuning and as feature extractors. In the second case we also experiment with using dependency-based information. We find that fine-tuning is better than feature extraction. XLMR performs better than mBERT in the cross-lingual setting both with fine-tun…
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
This paper introduces our systems for the first two subtasks of SemEval Task4: Commonsense Validation and Explanation. To clarify the intention for judgment and inject contrastive information for selection, we propose the input reconstruction strategy with prompt templates. Specifically, we formalize the subtasks into the multiple-choice question answering format and construct the input with the prompt templates, then, the final prediction of question answering is considered as the result of subtasks. Experimental results show that our approaches achieve significant performance compared with t…
In this paper, we describe a methodology to predict sentiment in code-mixed tweets (hindi-english). Our team called verissimo.manoel in CodaLab developed an approach based on an ensemble of four models (MultiFiT, BERT, ALBERT, and XLNET). The final classification algorithm was an ensemble of some predictions of all softmax values from these four models. This architecture was used and evaluated in the context of the SemEval 2020 challenge (task 9), and our system got 72.7% on the F1 score.
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）
This paper introduces our systems for all three subtasks of SemEval-2021 Task 4: Reading Comprehension of Abstract Meaning. To help our model better represent and understand abstract concepts in natural language, we well-design many simple and effective approaches adapted to the backbone model (RoBERTa). Specifically, we formalize the subtasks into the multiple-choice question answering format and add special tokens to abstract concepts, then, the final prediction of question answering is considered as the result of subtasks. Additionally, we employ many finetuning tricks to improve the perfor…
TIB Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology（TIB莱布尼茨科学与技术信息中心）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）
There is currently a gap between the natural language expression of scholarly publications and their structured semantic content modeling to enable intelligent content search. With the volume of research growing exponentially every year, a search feature operating over semantically structured content is compelling. The SemEval-2021 Shared Task NLPContributionGraph (a.k.a. 'the NCG task') tasks participants to develop automated systems that structure contributions from NLP scholarly articles in the English language. Being the first-of-its-kind in the SemEval series, the task released structured…
PCL detection task is aimed at identifying and categorizing language that is patronizing or condescending towards vulnerable communities in the general media.Compared to other NLP tasks of paragraph classification, the negative language presented in the PCL detection task is usually more implicit and subtle to be recognized, making the performance of common text-classification approaches disappointed. Targeting the PCL detection problem in SemEval-2022 Task 4, in this paper, we give an introduction to our team's solution, which exploits the power of prompt-based learning on paragraph classific…
Western Michigan University（西密歇根大学）；Virginia Commonwealth University（弗吉尼亚联邦大学）
In this paper, we investigate a commonsense inference task that unifies natural language understanding and commonsense reasoning. We describe our attempt at SemEval-2020 Task 4 competition: Commonsense Validation and Explanation (ComVE) challenge. We discuss several state-of-the-art deep learning architectures for this challenge. Our system uses prepared labeled textual datasets that were manually curated for three different natural language inference subtasks. The goal of the first subtask is to test whether a model can distinguish between natural language statements that make sense and those…
The act of appearing kind or helpful via the use of but having a feeling of superiority condescending and patronizing language can have have serious mental health implications to those that experience it. Thus, detecting this condescending and patronizing language online can be useful for online moderation systems. Thus, in this manuscript, we describe the system developed by Team UTSA SemEval-2022 Task 4, Detecting Patronizing and Condescending Language. Our approach explores the use of several deep learning architectures including RoBERTa, convolutions neural networks, and Bidirectional Long…
ICT-NLP at SemEval-2026 Task 3: Less Is More -- Multilingual Encoder with Joint Training and Adaptive Ensemble for Dimensional Aspect Sentiment Regression
State Key Laboratory of AI Safety（人工智能安全国家重点实验室）；Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
We propose a cascade of neural models that performs sentence classification, phrase recognition, and triple extraction to automatically structure the scholarly contributions of NLP publications. To identify the most important contribution sentences in a paper, we used a BERT-based classifier with positional features (Subtask 1). A BERT-CRF model was used to recognize and characterize relevant phrases in contribution sentences (Subtask 2). We categorized the triples into several types based on whether and how their elements were expressed in text, and addressed each type using separate BERT-bas…
What is the relation between a word and its description, or a word and its embedding? Both descriptions and embeddings are semantic representations of words. But, what information from the original word remains in these representations? Or more importantly, which information about a word do these two representations share? Definition Modeling and Reverse Dictionary are two opposite learning tasks that address these questions. The goal of the Definition Modeling task is to investigate the power of information laying inside a word embedding to express the meaning of the word in a humanly underst…
This paper presents a technical report of our submission to the 4th task of SemEval-2021, titled: Reading Comprehension of Abstract Meaning. In this task, we want to predict the correct answer based on a question given a context. Usually, contexts are very lengthy and require a large receptive field from the model. Thus, common contextualized language models like BERT miss fine representation and performance due to the limited capacity of the input tokens. To tackle this problem, we used the Longformer model to better process the sequences. Furthermore, we utilized the method proposed in the L…
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur)（印度理工学院坎普尔分校）
Research in Natural Language Processing is making rapid advances, resulting in the publication of a large number of research papers. Finding relevant research papers and their contribution to the domain is a challenging problem. In this paper, we address this challenge via the SemEval 2021 Task 11: NLPContributionGraph, by developing a system for a research paper contributions-focused knowledge graph over Natural Language Processing literature. The task is divided into three sub-tasks: extracting contribution sentences that show important contributions in the research article, extracting phras…
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学）；DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团达摩院）；ShanghaiTech University（上海科技大学）
The MultiCoNER shared task aims at detecting semantically ambiguous and complex named entities in short and low-context settings for multiple languages. The lack of contexts makes the recognition of ambiguous named entities challenging. To alleviate this issue, our team DAMO-NLP proposes a knowledge-based system, where we build a multilingual knowledge base based on Wikipedia to provide related context information to the named entity recognition (NER) model. Given an input sentence, our system effectively retrieves related contexts from the knowledge base. The original input sentences are then…
SemEval-2023 Task 11: Learning With Disagreements (LeWiDi)
Fondazione Bruno Kessler（布鲁诺·凯塞勒基金会）；Heriot-Watt University（赫瑞瓦特大学）；Queen Mary University of London（伦敦大学玛丽皇后学院）；Università di Torino（都灵大学）；Università Bocconi（博科尼大学）；University of Munich（慕尼黑大学）
Edinburgh Clinical NLP at SemEval-2024 Task 2: Fine-tune your model unless you have access to GPT-4
School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学信息学院）；Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学厄舍研究所）；Edinburgh Futures Institute, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡未来学院）；School of Literatures, Languages and Cultures, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学文学、语言与文化学院）
Natural language processing (NLP) has been applied to various fields including text classification and sentiment analysis. In the shared task of sentiment analysis of code-mixed tweets, which is a part of the SemEval-2020 competition~\cite{patwa2020sentimix}, we preprocess datasets by replacing emoji and deleting uncommon characters and so on, and then fine-tune the Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers(BERT) to perform the best. After exhausting top3 submissions, Our team MeisterMorxrc achieves an averaged F1 score of 0.730 in this task, and and our codalab username is Meiste…
NLP-LTU at SemEval-2023 Task 10: The Impact of Data Augmentation and Semi-Supervised Learning Techniques on Text Classification Performance on an Imbalanced Dataset
The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；CRUK Manchester Institute（英国癌症研究院曼彻斯特研究所）；Idiap Research Institute（Idiap研究所）
This paper proposes a novel statistical corpus analysis framework targeted towards the interpretation of Natural Language Processing (NLP) architectural patterns at scale. The proposed approach combines saturation-based lexicon construction, statistical corpus analysis methods and graph collocations to induce a synthesis representation of NLP architectural patterns from corpora. The framework is validated in the full corpus of Semeval tasks and demonstrated coherent architectural patterns which can be used to answer architectural questions on a data-driven fashion, providing a systematic mecha…
Helsinki University（赫尔辛基大学）；Utrecht University（乌得勒支大学）；Université de Lorraine（洛林大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；ATILF（ATILF研究所）
Word embeddings have advanced the state of the art in NLP across numerous tasks. Understanding the contents of dense neural representations is of utmost interest to the computational semantics community. We propose to focus on relating these opaque word vectors with human-readable definitions, as found in dictionaries. This problem naturally divides into two subtasks: converting definitions into embeddings, and converting embeddings into definitions. This task was conducted in a multilingual setting, using comparable sets of embeddings trained homogeneously.
DAMO-NLP at SemEval-2023 Task 2: A Unified Retrieval-augmented System for Multilingual Named Entity Recognition
DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团达摩院）；College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University（浙江大学计算机科学与技术学院）；School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University（上海科技大学信息科学与技术学院）；Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University（清华大学深圳国际研究生院）
Cloze task is a widely used task to evaluate an NLP system's language understanding ability. However, most of the existing cloze tasks only require NLP systems to give the relative best prediction for each input data sample, rather than the absolute quality of all possible predictions, in a consistent way across the input domain. Thus a new task is proposed: predicting if a filler word in a cloze task is a good, neutral, or bad candidate. Complicated versions can be extended to predicting more discrete classes or continuous scores. We focus on subtask A in Semeval 2022 task 7, explored some po…
Multilingualism refers to the high degree of proficiency in two or more languages in the written and oral communication modes. It often results in language mixing, a.k.a. code-mixing, when a multilingual speaker switches between multiple languages in a single utterance of a text or speech. This paper discusses the current state of the NLP research, limitations, and foreseeable pitfalls in addressing five real-world applications for social good crisis management, healthcare, political campaigning, fake news, and hate speech for multilingual societies. We also propose futuristic datasets, models…
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences（萨格勒布大学人文与社会科学学院）
This article presents the results of the evaluation campaign of language tools available for fifteen EU-official under-resourced languages. The evaluation was conducted within the MSC ITN CLEOPATRA action that aims at building the cross-lingual event-centric knowledge processing on top of the application of linguistic processing chains (LPCs) for at least 24 EU-official languages. In this campaign, we concentrated on three existing NLP platforms (Stanford CoreNLP, NLP Cube, UDPipe) that all provide models for under-resourced languages and in this first run we covered 15 under-resourced languag…
Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
NLP research on public opinion manipulation campaigns has primarily focused on detecting overt strategies such as fake news and disinformation. However, information manipulation in the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war exemplifies how governments and media also employ more nuanced strategies. We release a new dataset, VoynaSlov, containing 38M+ posts from Russian media outlets on Twitter and VKontakte, as well as public activity and responses, immediately preceding and during the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war. We apply standard and recently-developed NLP models on VoynaSlov to examine agenda setting, frami…
