arXiv 2005.126672020-05-26quant-ph

电路量子电动力学

Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics

Alexandre Blais, Arne L. Grimsmo, S. M. Girvin, Andreas Wallraff

备注：: 82 pages, 34 figures
发表信息：: Rev. Mod. Phys. 93, 25005 (2021)
DOI：: 10.1103/RevModPhys.93.025005

摘要：

宏观层次的量子力学效应在20世纪80年代首先在基于约瑟夫森结的超导电路中被探索。在过去的二十年中，量子信息科学的出现加强了对使用这些电路作为量子信息处理器中的量子比特的研究。超导量子比特可以与微波光子（存储在超导电路中的量子化电磁场）进行强烈且可控的相互作用，这一认识导致了电路量子电动力学（QED）领域的创建，这是本文的主题。虽然原子腔QED激发了电路QED的许多早期发展，但后者现在已经成为一个独立和蓬勃发展的研究领域。电路QED允许在量子水平上以前所未有的细节研究和控制光-物质相互作用。它也在目前所有用超导电路处理量子信息的方法中起着至关重要的作用。此外，电路QED使研究与微波光子相互作用的混合量子系统成为可能。在这里，我们回顾超导量子比特的相干耦合到微波光子在高品质振荡器集中在Jaynes-Cummings模型的物理，它的色散极限，在这个系统中的光-物质相互作用的不同制度。我们讨论了超导电路与其环境的耦合，这对于电路QED中的相干控制和测量是必要的，但这也必然会导致退相干。色散量子比特读出，在几乎所有的电路QED实验的核心成分，也被描述。在介绍了电路QED的核心概念之后，我们讨论了这些概念在量子信息处理和量子光学中的重要应用。

英文摘要：

Quantum mechanical effects at the macroscopic level were first explored in Josephson junction-based superconducting circuits in the 1980's. In the last twenty years, the emergence of quantum information science has intensified research toward using these circuits as qubits in quantum information processors. The realization that superconducting qubits can be made to strongly and controllably interact with microwave photons, the quantized electromagnetic fields stored in superconducting circuits, led to the creation of the field of circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED), the topic of this review. While atomic cavity QED inspired many of the early developments of circuit QED, the latter has now become an independent and thriving field of research in its own right. Circuit QED allows the study and control of light-matter interaction at the quantum level in unprecedented detail. It also plays an essential role in all current approaches to quantum information processing with superconducting circuits. In addition, circuit QED enables the study of hybrid quantum systems interacting with microwave photons. Here, we review the coherent coupling of superconducting qubits to microwave photons in high-quality oscillators focussing on the physics of the Jaynes-Cummings model, its dispersive limit, and the different regimes of light-matter interaction in this system. We discuss coupling of superconducting circuits to their environment, which is necessary for coherent control and measurements in circuit QED, but which also invariably leads to decoherence. Dispersive qubit readout, a central ingredient in almost all circuit QED experiments, is also described. Following an introduction to these fundamental concepts that are at the heart of circuit QED, we discuss important use cases of these ideas in quantum information processing and in quantum optics.

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