约束非平衡系统中的能量存储
Storage of energy in constrained non-equilibrium systems
摘要：
我们研究了一个量$\mathcal{T}$，定义为能量U，存储在非平衡稳态（NESS）超过其在平衡$U_0$，$ΔU=U-U_0$除以热流$J_{U}$离开系统的值。最近的一项研究表明，$\mathcal{T}$在稳态下最小化（Phys.Rev.E.99，042118（2019））。我们评估这一假设使用理想气体系统与三种方法的能量输送：从一个均匀分布的能源，从外部热流通过表面，并从外部物质流。通过在系统中引入内部约束，我们确定了有约束和无约束的$\mathcal{T}$，并发现对于无约束的NESS，$\mathcal{T}$是最小的.我们发现NESS的内能形式符合$U=U_0*f(J_U)$ .在这种情况下，我们讨论了自然变量的NESS，定义嵌入式能源（模拟亥姆霍兹自由能的NESS），并提供其解释。
英文摘要：
We study a quantity $\mathcal{T}$ defined as the energy U, stored in non-equilibrium steady states (NESS) over its value in equilibrium $U_0$, $ΔU=U-U_0$ divided by the heat flow $J_{U}$ going out of the system. A recent study suggests that $\mathcal{T}$ is minimized in steady states (Phys.Rev.E.99, 042118 (2019)). We evaluate this hypothesis using an ideal gas system with three methods of energy delivery: from a uniformly distributed energy source, from an external heat flow through the surface, and from an external matter flow. By introducing internal constraints into the system, we determine $\mathcal{T}$ with and without constraints and find that $\mathcal{T}$ is the smallest for unconstrained NESS. We find that the form of the internal energy in the studied NESS follows $U=U_0*f(J_U)$. In this context, we discuss natural variables for NESS, define the embedded energy (an analog of Helmholtz free energy for NESS), and provide its interpretation.
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