各向异性在收敛延伸期间将细胞形状与tissue流联系起来
Anisotropy links cell shapes to tissue flow during convergent extension
摘要：
在发育中的胚胎中，组织在短至几分钟的时间内流动和重组。这包括上皮组织，由于外力或内部细胞产生的力的各向异性，上皮组织通常在会聚延伸运动中变窄和伸长。然而，允许或阻止组织重组的机制，特别是在强各向异性力的存在下，仍然不清楚。我们研究了这个问题的收敛和扩展果蝇胚带上皮，显示平面极化肌球蛋白II和经验的各向异性力从邻近组织，我们表明，在各向同性的组织相比，细胞形状本身是不足以预测发病的快速细胞重排。从理论上考虑和顶点模型模拟，我们预测，在各向异性组织中，需要两个实验上可访问的度量的细胞图案，细胞形状指数和细胞排列指数，以确定各向异性组织是在固体状或流体状状态。我们发现，随着时间的推移，在果蝇胚带细胞形状和排列的变化预测在野生型和蜗牛扭曲突变体胚胎，我们的理论预测的快速细胞重排的发病进一步提高时，我们也考虑到细胞包装紊乱。这些发现表明，会聚延伸与向更像流体的组织行为的转变有关，这可能有助于适应快速发育事件期间的组织形状变化。
英文摘要：
Within developing embryos, tissues flow and reorganize dramatically on timescales as short as minutes. This includes epithelial tissues, which often narrow and elongate in convergent extension movements due to anisotropies in external forces or in internal cell-generated forces. However, the mechanisms that allow or prevent tissue reorganization, especially in the presence of strongly anisotropic forces, remain unclear. We study this question in the converging and extending Drosophila germband epithelium, which displays planar polarized myosin II and experiences anisotropic forces from neighboring tissues, and we show that in contrast to isotropic tissues, cell shape alone is not sufficient to predict the onset of rapid cell rearrangement. From theoretical considerations and vertex model simulations, we predict that in anisotropic tissues two experimentally accessible metrics of cell patterns, the cell shape index and a cell alignment index, are required to determine whether an anisotropic tissue is in a solid-like or fluid-like state. We show that changes in cell shape and alignment over time in the Drosophila germband predict the onset of rapid cell rearrangement in both wild-type and snail twist mutant embryos, where our theoretical prediction is further improved when we also account for cell packing disorder. These findings suggest that convergent extension is associated with a transition to more fluid-like tissue behavior, which may help accommodate tissue shape changes during rapid developmental events.
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