A Secure Federated Learning Framework for 5G Networks
Heilongjiang University（黑龙江大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University（萨塔姆·本·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹亲王大学）；Tokyo Institute of Technology（东京工业大学）；Changchun University of Science and Technology（长春理工大学）；Menoufia University（梅努菲亚大学）；Nile University（尼罗河大学）
Yi Liu, Jialiang Peng, Jiawen Kang, Abdullah M. Iliyasu, Dusit Niyato, Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif
备注：
This paper was accepted by IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine
Federated Learning (FL) has been recently proposed as an emerging paradigm to build machine learning models using distributed training datasets that are locally stored and maintained on different devices in 5G networks while providing privacy preservation for participants. In FL, the central aggregator accumulates local updates uploaded by participants to update a global model. However, there are two critical security threats: poisoning and membership inference attacks. These attacks may be carried out by malicious or unreliable participants, resulting in the construction failure of global models or privacy leakage of FL models. Therefore, it is crucial for FL to develop security means of defense. In this article, we propose a blockchain-based secure FL framework to create smart contracts and prevent malicious or unreliable participants from involving in FL. In doing so, the central aggregator recognizes malicious and unreliable participants by automatically executing smart contracts to defend against poisoning attacks. Further, we use local differential privacy techniques to prevent membership inference attacks. Numerical results suggest that the proposed framework can effectively deter poisoning and membership inference attacks, thereby improving the security of FL in 5G networks.
Secure aggregation is a cryptographic protocol that securely computes the aggregation of its inputs. It is pivotal in keeping model updates private in federated learning. Indeed, the use of secure aggregation prevents the server from learning the value and the source of the individual model updates provided by the users, hampering inference and data attribution attacks. In this work, we show that a malicious server can easily elude secure aggregation as if the latter were not in place. We devise two different attacks capable of inferring information on individual private training datasets, ind…
Ericsson Research（爱立信研究院）；Ericsson Security Research（爱立信安全研究院）；KTH Royal Institute of Technology（瑞典皇家理工学院）
Machine Learning (ML) is an important enabler for optimizing, securing and managing mobile networks. This leads to increased collection and processing of data from network functions, which in turn may increase threats to sensitive end-user information. Consequently, mechanisms to reduce threats to end-user privacy are needed to take full advantage of ML. We seamlessly integrate Federated Learning (FL) into the 3GPP 5G Network Data Analytics (NWDA) architecture, and add a Multi-Party Computation (MPC) protocol for protecting the confidentiality of local updates. We evaluate the protocol and fin…
University of Vermont（佛蒙特大学）；MassMutual（万通互惠）；Raytheon（雷神公司）
Federated machine learning leverages edge computing to develop models from network user data, but privacy in federated learning remains a major challenge. Techniques using differential privacy have been proposed to address this, but bring their own challenges -- many require a trusted third party or else add too much noise to produce useful models. Recent advances in \emph{secure aggregation} using multiparty computation eliminate the need for a third party, but are computationally expensive especially at scale. We present a new federated learning protocol that leverages a novel differentially…
Federated learning (FL) is a privacy-aware data mining strategy keeping the private data on the owners' machine and thereby confidential. The clients compute local models and send them to an aggregator which computes a global model. In hybrid FL, the local parameters are additionally masked using secure aggregation, such that only the global aggregated statistics become available in clear text, not the client specific updates. Federated QR decomposition has not been studied extensively in the context of cross-silo federated learning. In this article, we investigate the suitability of three QR …
Federated Learning enables one to jointly train a machine learning model across distributed clients holding sensitive datasets. In real-world settings, this approach is hindered by expensive communication and privacy concerns. Both of these challenges have already been addressed individually, resulting in competing optimisations. In this article, we tackle them simultaneously for one of the first times. More precisely, we adapt compression-based federated techniques to additive secret sharing, leading to an efficient secure aggregation protocol, with an adaptable security level. We prove its p…
Privacy-preserving machine learning has drawn increasingly attention recently, especially with kinds of privacy regulations come into force. Under such situation, Federated Learning (FL) appears to facilitate privacy-preserving joint modeling among multiple parties. Although many federated algorithms have been extensively studied, there is still a lack of secure and practical gradient tree boosting models (e.g., XGB) in literature. In this paper, we aim to build large-scale secure XGB under vertically federated learning setting. We guarantee data privacy from three aspects. Specifically, (i) w…
University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；Virginia Commonwealth University（弗吉尼亚联邦大学）
Despite the great potential of Federated Learning (FL) in large-scale distributed learning, the current system is still subject to several privacy issues due to the fact that local models trained by clients are exposed to the central server. Consequently, secure aggregation protocols for FL have been developed to conceal the local models from the server. However, we show that, by manipulating the client selection process, the server can circumvent the secure aggregation to learn the local models of a victim client, indicating that secure aggregation alone is inadequate for privacy protection. …
Université de Sherbrooke（舍布鲁克大学）；GREYC CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心灰西实验室）；ENSICAEN（法国国立卡昂高等工程师学院）；Normandie University（诺曼底大学）；University of Technology of Troyes（特鲁瓦技术大学）
Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning (ML) technique that enables collaborative training in which devices perform learning using a local dataset while preserving their privacy. This technique ensures privacy, communication efficiency, and resource conservation. Despite these advantages, FL still suffers from several challenges related to reliability (i.e., unreliable participating devices in training), tractability (i.e., a large number of trained models), and anonymity. To address these issues, we propose a secure and trustworthy blockchain framework (SRB-FL) tailored to F…
Federated analytics has many applications in edge computing, its use can lead to better decision making for service provision, product development, and user experience. We propose a Bayesian approach to trend detection in which the probability of a keyword being trendy, given a dataset, is computed via Bayes' Theorem; the probability of a dataset, given that a keyword is trendy, is computed through secure aggregation of such conditional probabilities over local datasets of users. We propose a protocol, named SAFE, for Bayesian federated analytics that offers sufficient privacy for production g…
Even though recent years have seen many attacks exposing severe vulnerabilities in Federated Learning (FL), a holistic understanding of what enables these attacks and how they can be mitigated effectively is still lacking. In this work, we demystify the inner workings of existing (targeted) attacks. We provide new insights into why these attacks are possible and why a definitive solution to FL robustness is challenging. We show that the need for ML algorithms to memorize tail data has significant implications for FL integrity. This phenomenon has largely been studied in the context of privacy;…
The continuous strengthening of the security posture of IoT ecosystems is vital due to the increasing number of interconnected devices and the volume of sensitive data shared. The utilisation of Machine Learning (ML) capabilities in the defence against IoT cyber attacks has many potential benefits. However, the currently proposed frameworks do not consider data privacy, secure architectures, and/or scalable deployments of IoT ecosystems. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical blockchain-based federated learning framework to enable secure and privacy-preserved collaborative IoT intrusion dete…
Federated Learning is a promising machine learning paradigm when multiple parties collaborate to build a high-quality machine learning model. Nonetheless, these parties are only willing to participate when given enough incentives, such as a fair reward based on their contributions. Many studies explored Shapley value based methods to evaluate each party's contribution to the learned model. However, they commonly assume a semi-trusted server to train the model and evaluate the data owners' model contributions, which lacks transparency and may hinder the success of federated learning in practice…
Federated learning (FL) enables distributed computation of machine learning models over various disparate, remote data sources, without requiring to transfer any individual data to a centralized location. This results in an improved generalizability of models and efficient scaling of computation as more sources and larger datasets are added to the federation. Nevertheless, recent membership attacks show that private or sensitive personal data can sometimes be leaked or inferred when model parameters or summary statistics are shared with a central site, requiring improved security solutions. In…
Given video data from multiple personal devices or street cameras, can we exploit the structural and dynamic information to learn dynamic representation of objects for applications such as distributed surveillance, without storing data at a central server that leads to a violation of user privacy? In this work, we introduce Federated Dynamic Graph Neural Network (Feddy), a distributed and secured framework to learn the object representations from multi-user graph sequences: i) It aggregates structural information from nearby objects in the current graph as well as dynamic information from thos…
Federated learning is emerging as a machine learning technique that trains a model across multiple decentralized parties. It is renowned for preserving privacy as the data never leaves the computational devices, and recent approaches further enhance its privacy by hiding messages transferred in encryption. However, we found that despite the efforts, federated learning remains privacy-threatening, due to its interactive nature across different parties. In this paper, we analyze the privacy threats in industrial-level federated learning frameworks with secure computation, and reveal such threats…
We design a scalable algorithm to privately generate location heatmaps over decentralized data from millions of user devices. It aims to ensure differential privacy before data becomes visible to a service provider while maintaining high data accuracy and minimizing resource consumption on users' devices. To achieve this, we revisit distributed differential privacy based on recent results in secure multiparty computation, and we design a scalable and adaptive distributed differential privacy approach for location analytics. Evaluation on public location datasets shows that this approach succes…
Federated Learning for Cross-Domain Data Privacy: A Distributed Approach to Secure Collaboration
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；University of California, Los Angeles（加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校）；University of California, Berkeley（加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校）；Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工大学）
The Yeo-Johnson (YJ) transformation is a standard parametrized per-feature unidimensional transformation often used to Gaussianize features in machine learning. In this paper, we investigate the problem of applying the YJ transformation in a cross-silo Federated Learning setting under privacy constraints. For the first time, we prove that the YJ negative log-likelihood is in fact convex, which allows us to optimize it with exponential search. We numerically show that the resulting algorithm is more stable than the state-of-the-art approach based on the Brent minimization method. Building on th…
Federated Learning (FL) allows parties to learn a shared prediction model by delegating the training computation to clients and aggregating all the separately trained models on the server. To prevent private information being inferred from local models, Secure Aggregation (SA) protocols are used to ensure that the server is unable to inspect individual trained models as it aggregates them. However, current implementations of SA in FL frameworks have limitations, including vulnerability to client dropouts or configuration difficulties. In this paper, we present Salvia, an implementation of SA f…
University of Southern California（南加州大学）；University of California, Riverside（加州大学河滨分校）
Secure federated learning is a privacy-preserving framework to improve machine learning models by training over large volumes of data collected by mobile users. This is achieved through an iterative process where, at each iteration, users update a global model using their local datasets. Each user then masks its local model via random keys, and the masked models are aggregated at a central server to compute the global model for the next iteration. As the local models are protected by random masks, the server cannot observe their true values. This presents a major challenge for the resilience o…
A learning federation is composed of multiple participants who use the federated learning technique to collaboratively train a machine learning model without directly revealing the local data. Nevertheless, the existing federated learning frameworks have a serious defect that even a participant is revoked, its data are still remembered by the trained model. In a company-level cooperation, allowing the remaining companies to use a trained model that contains the memories from a revoked company is obviously unacceptable, because it can lead to a big conflict of interest. Therefore, we emphatical…
China University of Political Science Law（中国政法大学）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；Ant Rongxin (Chengdu) Network Technology Co Ltd（蚂蚁融信（成都）网络科技有限公司）
The conventional machine learning (ML) and deep learning approaches need to share customers' sensitive information with an external credit bureau to generate a prediction model that opens the door to privacy leakage. This leakage risk makes financial companies face an enormous challenge in their cooperation. Federated learning is a machine learning setting that can protect data privacy, but the high communication cost is often the bottleneck of the federated systems, especially for large neural networks. Limiting the number and size of communications is necessary for the practical training of …
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）
Directly motivated by security-related applications from the Homeland Security Enterprise, we focus on the privacy-preserving analysis of graph data, which provides the crucial capacity to represent rich attributes and relationships. In particular, we discuss two directions, namely privacy-preserving graph generation and federated graph learning, which can jointly enable the collaboration among multiple parties each possessing private graph data. For each direction, we identify both "quick wins" and "hard problems". Towards the end, we demonstrate a user interface that can facilitate model exp…
University of Connecticut（康涅狄格大学）；Duke University（杜克大学）；Facebook（脸书）；Microsoft（微软）；Northeastern University（东北大学）；University of Illinois at Chicago（伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校）
In this work, we consider the problem of designing secure and efficient federated learning (FL) frameworks. Existing solutions either involve a trusted aggregator or require heavyweight cryptographic primitives, which degrades performance significantly. Moreover, many existing secure FL designs work only under the restrictive assumption that none of the clients can be dropped out from the training protocol. To tackle these problems, we propose SEFL, a secure and efficient FL framework that (1) eliminates the need for the trusted entities; (2) achieves similar and even better model accuracy com…
Google（谷歌）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
Federated Learning enables mobile devices to collaboratively learn a shared inference model while keeping all the training data on a user's device, decoupling the ability to do machine learning from the need to store the data in the cloud. Existing work on federated learning with limited communication demonstrates how random rotation can enable users' model updates to be quantized much more efficiently, reducing the communication cost between users and the server. Meanwhile, secure aggregation enables the server to learn an aggregate of at least a threshold number of device's model contributio…
Northeastern University（东北大学）；Duke University（杜克大学）；University of Connecticut（康涅狄格大学）
Nowadays, Deep Neural Networks are widely applied to various domains. However, massive data collection required for deep neural network reveals the potential privacy issues and also consumes large mounts of communication bandwidth. To address these problems, we propose a privacy-preserving method for the federated learning distributed system, operated on Intel Software Guard Extensions, a set of instructions that increase the security of application code and data. Meanwhile, the encrypted models make the transmission overhead larger. Hence, we reduce the commutation cost by sparsification and …
Federated learning enables clients to collaboratively learn a shared global model without sharing their local training data with a cloud server. However, malicious clients can corrupt the global model to predict incorrect labels for testing examples. Existing defenses against malicious clients leverage Byzantine-robust federated learning methods. However, these methods cannot provably guarantee that the predicted label for a testing example is not affected by malicious clients. We bridge this gap via ensemble federated learning. In particular, given any base federated learning algorithm, we us…
Secure aggregation is a popular protocol in privacy-preserving federated learning, which allows model aggregation without revealing the individual models in the clear. On the other hand, conventional secure aggregation protocols incur a significant communication overhead, which can become a major bottleneck in real-world bandwidth-limited applications. Towards addressing this challenge, in this work we propose a lightweight gradient sparsification framework for secure aggregation, in which the server learns the aggregate of the sparsified local model updates from a large number of users, but w…
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)（韩国科学技术院）
Federated learning has been spotlighted as a way to train neural networks using distributed data with no need for individual nodes to share data. Unfortunately, it has also been shown that adversaries may be able to extract local data contents off model parameters transmitted during federated learning. A recent solution based on the secure aggregation primitive enabled privacy-preserving federated learning, but at the expense of significant extra communication/computational resources. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity scheme that provides data privacy using substantially reduced commu…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；University of Texas at Dallas（德克萨斯大学达拉斯分校）；Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团）
Federated learning was proposed with an intriguing vision of achieving collaborative machine learning among numerous clients without uploading their private data to a cloud server. However, the conventional framework requires each client to leverage the full model for learning, which can be prohibitively inefficient for resource-constrained clients and large-scale deep learning tasks. We thus propose a new framework, called federated submodel learning, where clients download only the needed parts of the full model, namely submodels, and then upload the submodel updates. Nevertheless, the "posi…
