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arXiv 2005.03835quant-ph
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量子非平衡稳态的纠缠与Bell非定域性

Entanglement versus Bell nonlocality of quantum nonequilibrium steady states

Kun Zhang, Jin Wang

备注：
Published version, 34 pages, 16 figures
发表信息：
Quantum Inf. Process. 20, 147 (2021)
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摘要：

研究了两个量子比特耦合系统的纠缠和Bell非定域性，其中每个量子比特与一个单独的环境耦合。我们研究了不同温度和化学势的非平衡环境对纠缠态和Bell非定域性的影响。非平衡环境对纠缠和Bell非定域性有建设性的影响。非平衡热力学代价可以维持热能或粒子流，增强纠缠和Bell非定域性。然而，给出最大违反贝尔不等式的非平衡条件（由温度差或由熵产生率量化的热力学代价表征）不同于给出最大纠缠的非平衡条件。当贝尔不等式中存在非对称观测量时（Alice和Bob之间），例如$I_{3322}$不等式，这种非对称性也可以从非平衡环境下的效应中反映出来。在非平衡玻色子环境下，空间非对称双量子比特系统表现出热整流效应，这可以通过Bell非定域性来证明。不同的空间非对称因子在热整流效应中可以线性地相互抵消，这也反映在纠缠度和Bell非定域性的变化上。我们的研究表明，基于不同的最佳非平衡条件，非平衡环境都是有价值的纠缠和贝尔非局域性资源。

英文摘要：

We study the entanglement and the Bell nonlocality of a coupled two-qubit system, in which each qubit is coupled with one individual environment. We study how the nonequilibrium environments (with different temperatures or chemical potentials) influence the entanglement and the Bell nonlocality. The nonequilibrium environments can have constructive effects on the entanglement and the Bell nonlocality. Nonequilibrium thermodynamic cost can sustain the thermal energy or particle current and enhance the entanglement and the Bell nonlocality. However, the nonequilibrium conditions (characterized by the temperature differences or the thermodynamic cost quantified by the entropy production rates) which give the maximal violation of the Bell inequalities are different from the nonequilibrium conditions which give the maximal entanglement. When the Bell inequality has asymmetric observables (between Alice and Bob), for example the $I_{3322}$ inequality, such asymmetry can also be reflected from the effects under the nonequilibrium environments. The spatial asymmetric two-qubit system coupled with nonequilibrium bosonic environments shows the thermal rectification effect, which can be witnessed by the Bell nonlocality. Different spatial asymmetric factors can be linearly cancelled with each other in the thermal rectification effect, which is also reflected on the changes of the entanglement and the Bell nonlocality. Our study demonstrates that the nonequilibrium environments are both valuable for the entanglement and Bell nonlocality resources, based on different optimal nonequilibrium conditions though.

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