Multimodal Sentiment Analysis is an active area of research that leverages multimodal signals for affective understanding of user-generated videos. The predominant approach, addressing this task, has been to develop sophisticated fusion techniques. However, the heterogeneous nature of the signals creates distributional modality gaps that pose significant challenges. In this paper, we aim to learn effective modality representations to aid the process of fusion. We propose a novel framework, MISA, which projects each modality to two distinct subspaces. The first subspace is modality-invariant, where the representations across modalities learn their commonalities and reduce the modality gap. The second subspace is modality-specific, which is private to each modality and captures their characteristic features. These representations provide a holistic view of the multimodal data, which is used for fusion that leads to task predictions. Our experiments on popular sentiment analysis benchmarks, MOSI and MOSEI, demonstrate significant gains over state-of-the-art models. We also consider the task of Multimodal Humor Detection and experiment on the recently proposed UR_FUNNY dataset. Here too, our model fares better than strong baselines, establishing MISA as a useful multimodal framework.
Nowadays, with the explosive growth of multimodal reviews on social media platforms, multimodal sentiment analysis has recently gained popularity because of its high relevance to these social media posts. Although most previous studies design various fusion frameworks for learning an interactive representation of multiple modalities, they fail to incorporate sentimental knowledge into inter-modality learning. This paper proposes a Multi-channel Attentive Graph Convolutional Network (MAGCN), consisting of two main components: cross-modality interactive learning and sentimental feature fusion. F…
Identifying and understanding underlying sentiment or emotions in text is a key component of multiple natural language processing applications. While simple polarity sentiment analysis is a well-studied subject, fewer advances have been made in identifying more complex, finer-grained emotions using only textual data. In this paper, we present a Transformer-based model with a Fusion of Adapter layers which leverages knowledge from more simple sentiment analysis tasks to improve the emotion detection task on large scale dataset, such as CMU-MOSEI, using the textual modality only. Results show th…
Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with Missing Modality: A Knowledge-Transfer Approach
College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore（南洋理工大学计算机与数据科学学院）；Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore（新加坡社会科学研究大学）
Missing-by-Design: Certifiable Modality Deletion for Revocable Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
University of Macau（澳门大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；Fudan University（复旦大学）；Shanghai AI Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）；Juntendo University（立命馆大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）
Multimodal sentiment analysis is an important research task to predict the sentiment score based on the different modality data from a specific opinion video. Many previous pieces of research have proved the significance of utilizing the shared and unique information across different modalities. However, the high-order combined signals from multimodal data would also help extract satisfied representations. In this paper, we propose CMGA, a Cross-Modality Gated Attention fusion model for MSA that tends to make adequate interaction across different modality pairs. CMGA also adds a forget gate to…
Enhance-then-Balance Modality Collaboration for Robust Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University（航天信息安全部门与可信计算教育部重点实验室，网络安全科学与工程学院，武汉大学）
National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学）
Building robust multimodal models are crucial for achieving reliable deployment in the wild. Despite its importance, less attention has been paid to identifying and improving the robustness of Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) models. In this work, we hope to address that by (i) Proposing simple diagnostic checks for modality robustness in a trained multimodal model. Using these checks, we find MSA models to be highly sensitive to a single modality, which creates issues in their robustness; (ii) We analyze well-known robust training strategies to alleviate the issues. Critically, we observe …
This paper investigates the effectiveness and implementation of modality-specific large-scale pre-trained encoders for multimodal sentiment analysis~(MSA). Although the effectiveness of pre-trained encoders in various fields has been reported, conventional MSA methods employ them for only linguistic modality, and their application has not been investigated. This paper compares the features yielded by large-scale pre-trained encoders with conventional heuristic features. One each of the largest pre-trained encoders publicly available for each modality are used; CLIP-ViT, WavLM, and BERT for vis…
Language Technologies Institute（语言技术研究所）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）；Temasek Laboratories（淡马锡实验室）；NTU, Singapore（新加坡南洋理工大学）
Multimodal sentiment analysis is an increasingly popular research area, which extends the conventional language-based definition of sentiment analysis to a multimodal setup where other relevant modalities accompany language. In this paper, we pose the problem of multimodal sentiment analysis as modeling intra-modality and inter-modality dynamics. We introduce a novel model, termed Tensor Fusion Network, which learns both such dynamics end-to-end. The proposed approach is tailored for the volatile nature of spoken language in online videos as well as accompanying gestures and voice. In the expe…
Toward Robust Incomplete Multimodal Sentiment Analysis via Hierarchical Representation Learning
Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University（复旦大学工程与技术学院）；Cognition and Intelligent Technology Laboratory（认知与智能技术实验室）；Institute of Metaverse & Intelligent Medicine, Fudan University（复旦大学元宇宙与智能医学研究院）；Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligence Science and Engineering（吉林省智能科学与工程重点实验室）；Engineering Research Center of AI and Robotics, Ministry of Education（教育部人工智能与机器人工程研究中心）
Representation Learning is a significant and challenging task in multimodal learning. Effective modality representations should contain two parts of characteristics: the consistency and the difference. Due to the unified multimodal annotation, existing methods are restricted in capturing differentiated information. However, additional uni-modal annotations are high time- and labor-cost. In this paper, we design a label generation module based on the self-supervised learning strategy to acquire independent unimodal supervisions. Then, joint training the multi-modal and uni-modal tasks to learn …
Shandong University（山东大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳））
Existing studies on multimodal sentiment analysis heavily rely on textual modality and unavoidably induce the spurious correlations between textual words and sentiment labels. This greatly hinders the model generalization ability. To address this problem, we define the task of out-of-distribution (OOD) multimodal sentiment analysis. This task aims to estimate and mitigate the bad effect of textual modality for strong OOD generalization. To this end, we embrace causal inference, which inspects the causal relationships via a causal graph. From the graph, we find that the spurious correlations ar…
Sentiment analysis, mostly based on text, has been rapidly developing in the last decade and has attracted widespread attention in both academia and industry. However, the information in the real world usually comes from multiple modalities, such as audio and text. Therefore, in this paper, based on audio and text, we consider the task of multimodal sentiment analysis and propose a novel fusion strategy including both multi-feature fusion and multi-modality fusion to improve the accuracy of audio-text sentiment analysis. We call it the DFF-ATMF (Deep Feature Fusion - Audio and Text Modality Fu…
Learning Language-guided Adaptive Hyper-modality Representation for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳））；China University of Geosciences, Wuhan（中国地质大学（武汉））；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society（深圳人工智能与机器人研究院）
Towards Robust Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with Incomplete Data
School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen（香港中文大学（深圳）数据科学学院）；University College London（伦敦大学学院）；School of Computer Science, Wuhan University（武汉大学计算机学院）
Multimodal sentiment analysis is an important research area that predicts speaker's sentiment tendency through features extracted from textual, visual and acoustic modalities. The central challenge is the fusion method of the multimodal information. A variety of fusion methods have been proposed, but few of them adopt end-to-end translation models to mine the subtle correlation between modalities. Enlightened by recent success of Transformer in the area of machine translation, we propose a new fusion method, TransModality, to address the task of multimodal sentiment analysis. We assume that tr…
Multimodal machine learning is a core research area spanning the language, visual and acoustic modalities. The central challenge in multimodal learning involves learning representations that can process and relate information from multiple modalities. In this paper, we propose two methods for unsupervised learning of joint multimodal representations using sequence to sequence (Seq2Seq) methods: a \textit{Seq2Seq Modality Translation Model} and a \textit{Hierarchical Seq2Seq Modality Translation Model}. We also explore multiple different variations on the multimodal inputs and outputs of these …
The Illusion of Balanced Multimodal Sentiment Analysis: Beyond the Limits of Optimization-Based Methods
Mines Paris-PSL University（巴黎高科矿业学院）；University of Bern（伯尔尼大学）；National Technical University of Athens（雅典国立技术大学）；Archimedes AI（阿基米德人工智能公司）；Synaptic Bloom PBC（Synaptic Bloom公益公司）
University of Stirling（斯特林大学）；Edinburgh Napier University（爱丁堡龙比亚大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）
Most recent works on sentiment analysis have exploited the text modality. However, millions of hours of video recordings posted on social media platforms everyday hold vital unstructured information that can be exploited to more effectively gauge public perception. Multimodal sentiment analysis offers an innovative solution to computationally understand and harvest sentiments from videos by contextually exploiting audio, visual and textual cues. In this paper, we, firstly, present a first of its kind Persian multimodal dataset comprising more than 800 utterances, as a benchmark resource for re…
Cooperative Sentiment Agents for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
College of Computer Science and Technology in Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics（南京航空航天大学计算机科学与技术学院）；School of Computer Science in Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications（南京邮电大学计算机学院）；Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics（南京航空航天大学）；Functional Brain Imaging Institute（功能脑成像研究所）；Nanjing Medical University（南京医科大学）
Segregate, Refine, Integrate: Decomposing Multimodal Fusion for Sentiment Analysis
National Technical University of Athens（雅典国立技术大学）；Athena Research Center（雅典娜研究中心）；University of Bern（伯尔尼大学）；Archimedes AI（阿基米德人工智能公司）；Synaptic Bloom PBC（突触绽放有限责任公司）
Sentiment analysis is attracting more and more attentions and has become a very hot research topic due to its potential applications in personalized recommendation, opinion mining, etc. Most of the existing methods are based on either textual or visual data and can not achieve satisfactory results, as it is very hard to extract sufficient information from only one single modality data. Inspired by the observation that there exists strong semantic correlation between visual and textual data in social medias, we propose an end-to-end deep fusion convolutional neural network to jointly learn text…
Should Missing Modalities Always Be Necessary to Repair for Multi-modal Sentiment Analysis?
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)（香港科技大学（广州））；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR（新加坡制造技术研究所，新加坡科技研究局）；Lingnan University（岭南大学）
Neural methods for SA have led to quantitative improvements over previous approaches, but these advances are not always accompanied with a thorough analysis of the qualitative differences. Therefore, it is not clear what outstanding conceptual challenges for sentiment analysis remain. In this work, we attempt to discover what challenges still prove a problem for sentiment classifiers for English and to provide a challenging dataset. We collect the subset of sentences that an (oracle) ensemble of state-of-the-art sentiment classifiers misclassify and then annotate them for 18 linguistic and par…
Multimodal sentiment analysis has become an increasingly popular research area as the demand for multimodal online content is growing. For multimodal sentiment analysis, words can have different meanings depending on the linguistic context and non-verbal information, so it is crucial to understand the meaning of the words accordingly. In addition, the word meanings should be interpreted within the whole utterance context that includes nonverbal information. In this paper, we present a Context-driven Modality Shifting BERT with Contrastive Learning for linguistic, visual, acoustic Representatio…
While the general task of textual sentiment classification has been widely studied, much less research looks specifically at sentiment between a specified source and target. To tackle this problem, we experimented with a state-of-the-art relation extraction model. Surprisingly, we found that despite reasonable performance, the model's attention was often systematically misaligned with the words that contribute to sentiment. Thus, we directly trained the model's attention with human rationales and improved our model performance by a robust 4~8 points on all tasks we defined on our data sets. We…
A*STAR AI Initiative, Institute of High Performance Computing（A*STAR人工智能计划、高性能计算研究院）；Adobe Research（奥多比研究院）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional（国立理工学院计算研究中心）；SUTD（新加坡科技设计大学）
Multimodal fusion is considered a key step in multimodal tasks such as sentiment analysis, emotion detection, question answering, and others. Most of the recent work on multimodal fusion does not guarantee the fidelity of the multimodal representation with respect to the unimodal representations. In this paper, we propose a variational autoencoder-based approach for modality fusion that minimizes information loss between unimodal and multimodal representations. We empirically show that this method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin on several popular datasets.
Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳））
Multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) and emotion recognition in conversation (ERC) are key research topics for computers to understand human behaviors. From a psychological perspective, emotions are the expression of affect or feelings during a short period, while sentiments are formed and held for a longer period. However, most existing works study sentiment and emotion separately and do not fully exploit the complementary knowledge behind the two. In this paper, we propose a multimodal sentiment knowledge-sharing framework (UniMSE) that unifies MSA and ERC tasks from features, labels, and mod…
Robust Multimodal Sentiment Analysis of Image-Text Pairs by Distribution-Based Feature Recovery and Fusion
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学网络安全学院）；TMCC, College of Computer Science, Nankai University（TMCC，南开大学计算机学院）
RNG: Reducing Multi-level Noise and Multi-grained Semantic Gap for Joint Multimodal Aspect-Sentiment Analysis
Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院信息工程研究所）；School of Cyber Security, UCAS（中国科学院大学网络空间安全学院）；Academy of Cyber（网络空间研究院）
Southwest Jiaotong University（西南交通大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）；Southwestern University of Finance and Economics（西南财经大学）；Ocean University of China（中国海洋大学）；Tencent（腾讯）
Fusion technique is a key research topic in multimodal sentiment analysis. The recent attention-based fusion demonstrates advances over simple operation-based fusion. However, these fusion works adopt single-scale, i.e., token-level or utterance-level, unimodal representation. Such single-scale fusion is suboptimal because that different modality should be aligned with different granularities. This paper proposes a fusion model named ScaleVLAD to gather multi-Scale representation from text, video, and audio with shared Vectors of Locally Aggregated Descriptors to improve unaligned multimodal s…
TCAN: Text-oriented Cross Attention Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis
State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems (MAIS), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（多模态人工智能系统国家重点实验室，中国科学院自动化研究所）；School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学人工智能学院）；School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学人工智能与自动化学院）；Tencent（腾讯）；School of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University（东华大学信息科学与技术学院）
Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；AI Lab of China Merchants Bank（招商银行人工智能实验室）
Multimodal sentiment analysis has attracted increasing attention and lots of models have been proposed. However, the performance of the state-of-the-art models decreases sharply when they are deployed in the real world. We find that the main reason is that real-world applications can only access the text outputs by the automatic speech recognition (ASR) models, which may be with errors because of the limitation of model capacity. Through further analysis of the ASR outputs, we find that in some cases the sentiment words, the key sentiment elements in the textual modality, are recognized as oth…
With the increasing popularity of video sharing websites such as YouTube and Facebook, multimodal sentiment analysis has received increasing attention from the scientific community. Contrary to previous works in multimodal sentiment analysis which focus on holistic information in speech segments such as bag of words representations and average facial expression intensity, we develop a novel deep architecture for multimodal sentiment analysis that performs modality fusion at the word level. In this paper, we propose the Gated Multimodal Embedding LSTM with Temporal Attention (GME-LSTM(A)) model…
The role of social media in fashion industry has been blooming as the years have continued on. In this work, we investigate sentiment analysis for fashion related posts in social media platforms. There are two main challenges of this task. On the first place, information of different modalities must be jointly considered to make the final predictions. On the second place, some unique fashion related attributes should be taken into account. While most existing works focus on traditional multimodal sentiment analysis, they always fail to exploit the fashion related attributes in this task. We pr…
