The Coma cluster is the nearest massive ($M \gtrsim 10^{15}\,\mathrm{M_\odot}$) galaxy cluster, making it an excellent laboratory to probe the influence of the cluster environment on galaxy star formation. Here, we present a sample of 41 galaxies with disturbed morphologies consistent with ram pressure stripping. These galaxies are identified visually using high-quality, multi-band imaging from the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope covering ~9 $\mathrm{deg^2}$ of the Coma cluster. These "stripping candidates" are clear outliers in common quantitative morphological measures, such as concentration-asymmetry and Gini-$M_{20}$, confirming their disturbed nature. Based on the orientations of observed asymmetries, as well as the galaxy positions in projected phase-space, these candidates are consistent with galaxies being stripped shortly after infall onto the Coma cluster. Finally, the stripping candidates show enhanced star formation rates, both relative to "normal" star-forming Coma galaxies and isolated galaxies in the field. Ram pressure is likely driving an enhancement in star formation during the stripping phase, prior to quenching. On the whole, ram pressure stripping appears to be ubiquitous across all regions of the Coma cluster.
We report the detection of H$α$ trails behind three new intermediate-mass irregular galaxies in the NW outskirts of the nearby cluster of galaxies Abell 1656 (Coma). Hints that these galaxies possess an extended component were found in earlier, deeper H$α$ observations carried out with the Subaru telescope. However the lack of a simultaneous $r$-band exposure, together with the presence of strong stellar ghosts in the Subaru images, prevented us from quantifying the detections. We therefore devoted one full night of H$α$ observation to each of the three galaxies using the San Pedro Martir 2.1m…
Remarkable dust extinction features in the deep HST V and I images of the face-on Coma cluster spiral galaxy NGC 4921 show in unprecedented ways how ram pressure strips the ISM from the disk of a spiral galaxy. New VLA HI maps show a truncated and highly asymmetric HI disk with a compressed HI distribution in the NW, providing evidence for ram pressure acting from the NW. Where the HI distribution is truncated in the NW region, HST images show a well-defined, continuous front of dust that extends over 90 degrees and 20 kpc. This dust front separates the dusty from dust-free regions of the gala…
The evolution of dwarf satellites of the Milky Way is affected by the combination of ram pressure and tidal stripping, and internal feedback from massive stars. We investigate gas loss processes in the smallest satellites of the Milky Way using three-dimensional, high resolution, idealized wind tunnel simulations, accounting for gas loss through both ram pressure stripping and expulsion by supernova feedback. Using initial conditions appropriate for a dwarf galaxy like Leo T, we investigate whether or not environmental gas stripping and internal feedback can quench these low mass galaxies on t…
We investigate the importance of varying the ram pressure to more realistically mimic the infall of a cluster satellite galaxy when comparing ram pressure stripping simulations to observations. We examine the gas disk and tail properties of stripped cluster galaxies in eight "wind-tunnel" hydrodynamical simulations with either varying or constant ram pressure strength. In simulations without radiative cooling, applying a varying wind leads to significantly different density and velocity structure in the tail than found when applying a constant wind, although the stripping rate, disk mass, and …
We investigate the effects of magnetic fields and turbulence on ram pressure stripping in elliptical galaxies using ideal magnetohydrodynamics simulations. We consider weakly-magnetised interstellar medium (ISM) characterised by subsonic turbulence, and two orientations of the magnetic fields in the intracluster medium (ICM) - parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the galaxy motion through the ICM. While the stronger turbulence enhances the ram pressure stripping mass loss, the magnetic fields tend to suppress the stripping rates, and the suppression is stronger for parallel fields. H…
Numerous examples of ram pressure stripping in galaxy clusters are present in literature; however, substantially less work has been focused on ram pressure stripping in lower mass groups. In this work we use the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) to search for jellyfish galaxies in ~500 SDSS groups (z<0.05), making this the most comprehensive search for ram pressure stripping in groups to date. We identify 60 jellyfish galaxies in groups with extended, asymmetric radio continuum tails, which are found across the entire range of group mass from $10^{12.5} < M_\mathrm{group} < 10^{14}\,h^{-1}\,\…
Since the Virgo cluster is the closest galaxy cluster in the northern hemisphere, galaxy interactions can be observed in it with a kpc resolution. The spiral galaxy NGC 4388 underwent a ram pressure stripping event ~200 Myr ago caused by its highly eccentric orbit within the Virgo cluster. This galaxy fulfills all diagnostic criteria for having undergone active ram pressure stripping in the recent past: a strongly truncated HI and Halpha disk, an asymmetric ridge of polarized radio continuum emission, extended extraplanar gas toward the opposite side of the ridge of polarized radio continuum e…
We present the blind Westerbork Coma Survey probing the HI content of the Coma galaxy cluster with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. The survey covers the inner $\sim$ 1 Mpc around the cluster centre, extending out to 1.5 Mpc towards the south-western NGC 4839 group. The survey probes the atomic gas in the entire Coma volume down to a sensitivity of $\sim$ 10$^{19}$ cm$^{-2}$ and 10$^8$ M$_{\odot}$. Combining automated source finding with source extraction at optical redshifts and visual verification, we obtained 40 HI detections of which 24 are new. Over half of the sample displays pe…
Ram pressure stripping is one of the most efficient mechanisms able to affect the gas reservoir in cluster galaxies and in the last decades many studies have characterized the properties of stripped galaxies. A definite census of the importance of this process in local clusters is though still missing. Here we characterize the fraction of galaxies showing signs of stripping at optical wavelengths, using the data of 66 clusters from the WINGS and OMEGAWINGS surveys. We focus on the infalling galaxy population and hence only consider blue, bright (B<18.2) late-type spectroscopically confirmed cl…
Ram pressure stripping of the multiphase ISM is studied in the perturbed Virgo cluster spiral galaxy NGC 4438. This galaxy underwent a tidal interaction ~100 Myr ago and is now strongly affected by ram pressure stripping. Deep VLA radio continuum observations at 6 and 20 cm are presented. We detect prominent extraplanar emission to the west of the galactic center, which extends twice as far as the other tracers of extraplanar material. The spectral index of the extraplanar emission does not steepen with increasing distance from the galaxy. This implies in situ re-acceleration of relativistic e…
Exploiting the data from the GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies with MUSE (GASP) program, we compare the integrated Star Formation Rate- Mass relation (SFR-M_ast) relation of 42 cluster galaxies undergoing ram pressure stripping ("stripping galaxies") to that of 32 field and cluster undisturbed galaxies. Theoretical predictions have so far led to contradictory conclusions about whether ram pressure can enhance the star formation in the gas disks and tails or not and until now a statistically significant observed sample of stripping galaxies was lacking. We find that stripping galaxies occupy …
We study ram pressure stripping in simulated Milky Way-like halos at z>=2 from the Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies In Enzo (FOGGIE) project. These simulations reach exquisite resolution in their circumgalactic medium (CGM) gas owing to FOGGIE's novel refinement scheme. The CGM of each halo spans a wide dynamic range in density and velocity over its volume---roughly 6 dex and 1000 km/s, respectively---translating into a 5 dex range in ram pressure imparted to interacting satellites. The ram pressure profiles of the simulated CGM are highly stochastic, owing to kpc-scale variations of the density an…
Ram-pressure stripping by the intracluster medium (ICM) is one of the most advocated mechanisms that affect the properties of cluster galaxies. A recent study based on a small sample has found that many galaxies showing strong signatures of ram-pressure stripping also possess an active galactic nucleus (AGN), suggesting a possible correlation between the two phenomena. This result has not been confirmed by a subsequent study. Building upon previous findings, here we combine MUSE observations conducted within the GASP program and a general survey of the literature to robustly measure the AGN fr…
Exploiting the data from the GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies with MUSE (GASP) survey, we study the gas-phase metallicity scaling relations of a sample of 29 cluster galaxies undergoing ram-pressure stripping and of a reference sample of (16 cluster and 16 field) galaxies with no significant signs of gas disturbance. We adopt the PYQZ code to infer the mean gas metallicity at the effective radius and achieve a well-defined mass-metallicity relation (MZR) in the stellar mass range $10^{9.25}\le M_\star \le 10^{11.5}\,{\rm M_\odot}$ with a scatter of 0.12 dex. At any given mass, reference clu…
We estimate the strength of ram pressure stripping (RPS) for HI-rich galaxies in X-ray detected clusters. We find that galaxies under stronger RPS tend to show more significantly reduced total HI mass and enhanced central SFR, compared to control galaxies in the field which have similar stellar mass, stellar surface density and integral star formation rate. Galaxies under strong or weak RPS account for around 40% of the HI-rich population at R200, and even beyond R200 in the most massive clusters. Our results imply the important role of RPS as a channel of environmental processing far before t…
We report on observations of ESO156-G029, member of a galaxy group which is positioned at the virial radius of cluster Abell 3193. ESO156-G029 is located ~ 1.4 Mpc in projected distance from the brightest cluster galaxy NGC1500. We show that ESO156-G029 has disturbed gas kinematics and a highly asymmetric neutral hydrogen (HI) distribution, which are consequences of group pre-processing, and possibly of ram-pressure. Based on the current data we propose a scenario in which ESO156-G029 had a minor gas-rich merger in the past and now starts to experience ram-pressure. We infer that the galaxy wi…
The removal of gas by ram pressure stripping of galaxies is treated by a purely kinematic description. The solution has two asymptotic limits: if the duration of the ram pressure pulse exceeds the period of vertical oscillations perpendicular to the galactic plane, the commonly used quasi-static criterion of Gunn & Gott is obtained which uses the maximum ram pressure that the galaxy has experienced along its orbit. For shorter pulses the outcome depends on the time-integrated ram pressure. This parameter pair fully describes the gas mass fraction that is stripped from a given galaxy. This appr…
It is well known that galaxies falling into clusters can experience gas stripping due to ram-pressure by the intra-cluster medium (ICM). The most spectacular examples are galaxies with extended tails of optically-bright stripped material known as "jellyfish". We use the first large homogeneous compilation of jellyfish galaxies in clusters from the WINGS and OmegaWINGS surveys, and follow-up MUSE observations from the GASP MUSE programme to investigate the orbital histories of jellyfish galaxies in clusters and reconstruct their stripping history through position vs. velocity phase- space diagr…
We present the first study of the effect of ram-pressure "unwinding" the spiral arms of cluster galaxies. We study 11 ram-pressure stripped galaxies from GASP (GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies) in which, in addition to more commonly observed "jellyfish" features, dislodged material also appears to retain the original structure of the spiral arms. Gravitational influence from neighbours is ruled out and we compare the sample with a control group of undisturbed spiral galaxies and simulated stripped galaxies. We first confirm the unwinding nature, finding the spiral arm pitch angle increases …
NGC 4330 is one of the Virgo galaxies whose UV distribution shows a tail structure. An associated tail structure is also observed in the HI and H$α$ emission distributions. Previous dynamical modeling showed that the galaxy is approaching the cluster center and is therefore undergoing increasing ram pressure stripping. Recent stellar population fitting of deep optical spectra together with multiband photometry lead to the determination of the time when star formation was quenched in the galactic disk. We introduce a new version of the dynamical model that includes the diffuse ionized gas and a…
It is often stated that the removal of gas by ram pressure stripping of a galaxy disk is not a common process in galaxy groups. In this study, with the aid of an observational classification of galaxies and a simple physical model, we show that this may not be true. We examined and identified 45 ram-pressure stripped galaxy candidates from a sample of 1311 galaxy group members within 125 spectroscopically-selected galaxy groups. 13 of these galaxies are the most secure candidates with multiple distinct features. These candidate ram pressure stripped galaxies have similar properties to those fo…
A recent survey of the Galaxy and M31 reveals that more than 90% of dwarf galaxies within 270 kpc of their host galaxy are deficient in HI gas. At such an extreme radius, the coronal halo gas is an order of magnitude too low to remove HI gas through ram-pressure stripping for any reasonable orbit distribution. However, all dwarfs are known to have an ancient stellar population (\geq 10 Gyr) from early epochs of vigorous star formation which, through heating of HI, could allow the hot halo to remove this gas. Our model looks at the evolution of these dwarf galaxies analytically as the host-gala…
Cluster spiral galaxies suffer catastrophic losses of the cool, neutral gas component of their interstellar medium due to ram pressure stripping, contributing to the observed quenching of star formation in the disk compared to galaxies in lower density environments. However, the short term effects of ram pressure on the star formation rate and AGN activity of galaxies undergoing stripping remain unclear. Numerical studies have recently demonstrated cosmic rays can dramatically influence galaxy evolution for isolated galaxies, yet their influence on ram pressure stripping remains poorly constra…
Through an ongoing MUSE program dedicated to study gas removal processes in galaxies (GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies with MUSE, GASP), we have obtained deep and wide integral field spectroscopy of the galaxy JO171. This galaxy resembles the Hoag's galaxy, one of the most spectacular examples of ring galaxies, characterized by a completely detached ring of young stars surrounding a central old spheroid. At odds with the isolated Hoag's galaxy, JO171 is part of a dense environment, the cluster Abell 3667, which is causing gas stripping along tentacles. Moreover, its ring counter-rotates wit…
Early Results from the Coma Legacy IFU Survey (CLIFS): Ram Pressure Induced Shocks and Ionization in Jellyfish Tails
McMaster University（麦克马斯特大学）；University of Waterloo（滑铁卢大学）；Cardiff University（卡迪夫大学）；Astronomical Observatory of Padova（帕多瓦天文台）；University of Birmingham（伯明翰大学）；University of Cape Town（开普敦大学）
Using $N$-body+SPH simulations of galaxies falling into a cluster, we study the evolution of their radial density profiles. When evolved in isolation, galaxies develop a type~II (down-bending) profile. In the cluster, the evolution of the profile depends on the minimum cluster-centric radius the galaxy reaches, which controls the degree of ram pressure stripping. If the galaxy falls to $\sim 50\%$ of the virial radius, then the profile remains type~II, but if the galaxy reaches down to $\sim 20\%$ of the virial radius the break weakens and the profile becomes more type~I like. The velocity dis…
We present an analysis of the kinematics and ionization conditions in a sample composed of seven star-forming galaxies undergoing ram-pressure stripping in the A1367 cluster, and the galaxy ESO137-001 in the Norma cluster. MUSE observations of two new galaxies in this sample, CGCG097-073 and CGCG097-079, are also presented. This sample is characterized by homogeneous integral field spectroscopy with MUSE and by a consistent selection based on the presence of ionised gas tails. The ratio [OI]/H$α$ is consistently elevated in the tails of these objects compared to what observed in unperturbed ga…
We use the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) to study four infalling cluster galaxies with signatures of on-going ram-pressure stripping. H$_2$ emission is detected in all four; two show extraplanar H$_2$ emission. The emission usually has a warm (T $\sim$ $115 - 160$K) and a hot (T $\sim$ 400 $-$ 600K) component that is approximately two orders of magnitude less massive than the warm one. The warm component column densities are typically $10^{19} - 10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$ with masses of $10^6 - 10^8 M_\odot$. The warm H$_2$ is anomalously bright compared with normal star-forming galaxies and the…
We present and discuss results from the first spatially resolved kinematic study of ram-pressure stripping of a massive late-type galaxy at intermediate redshifts. Our target, the spectacular "jellyfish" galaxy A1758N\_JFG1, was previously identified as a fast-moving member of the equal-mass merger A1758N ($z=0.28$) with a star-formation rate of 48 M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, far above the galaxy main sequence. IFU data obtained by us unambiguously confirm ram-pressure stripping as the physical mechanism driving the optical morphology and high star-formation rate of this system by revealing extended …
Revisiting ram pressure stripping in Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte: No evidence for stripped HI with LGLBS
University of Wisconsin–Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校）；National Radio Astronomy Observatory（国家射电天文台）；New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology（新墨西哥矿业理工学院）；Indiana University（印第安纳大学）；Flatiron Institute（平顶山研究所）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）
Ram pressure stripping (RPS) is known to be a key environmental effect that can remove interstellar gas from galaxies in a cluster. The RPS process is commonly described as a competition between the ram pressure by the intracluster medium (ICM) and the anchoring pressure on the interstellar medium (ISM) by the gravitational potential of a galaxy. However, the actual gas stripping process can be more complicated due to the complexity of gas physics such as compression and geometrical self-shielding as well as cooling and heating. In order to verify how well the observed signatures of the RPS pr…
We analyse the scatter in the correlation between super-massive black hole (SMBH) mass and bulge stellar mass of the host galaxy, and infer that it cannot be accounted for by mergers alone. The merger-only scenario, where small galaxies merge to establish a proportionality relation between the SMBH and bulge masses, leads to a scatter around the linear proportionality line that increases with the square root of the SMBH (or bulge) mass. By examining a sample of 103 galaxies we find that the intrinsic scatter increases more rapidly than expected from the merger-only scenario. The correlation be…
We present a study of the physical properties of JO201, a unique disk galaxy with extended tails undergoing extreme ram-pressure stripping as it moves through the massive cluster Abell 85 at supersonic speeds mostly along the line of sight. JO201 was observed with MUSE as part of the GASP programme. In a previous paper (GASP II) we studied the stellar and gas kinematics. In this paper we present emission-line ratios, gas-phase metallicities and ages of the stellar populations across the galaxy disk and tails. We find that while the emission at the core of the galaxy is dominated by an active g…
In the context of the GAs Stripping Phenomena in galaxies with Muse (GASP) survey, we present the characterization of JO204, a jellyfish galaxy in A957, a relatively low-mass cluster with $M=4.4 \times10^{14}M_\odot$. This galaxy shows a tail of ionized gas that extends up to 30 kpc from the main body in the opposite direction of the cluster center. No gas emission is detected in the galaxy outer disk, suggesting that gas stripping is proceeding outside-in. The stellar component is distributed as a regular disk galaxy; the stellar kinematics shows a symmetric rotation curve with a maximum radi…
We present MUSE observations of ESO137-001, a spiral galaxy infalling towards the center of the massive Norma cluster at z~0.0162. During the high-velocity encounter of ESO137-001 with the intracluster medium, a dramatic ram-pressure stripping event gives rise to an extended gaseous tail, traced by our MUSE observations to >30 kpc from the galaxy center. By studying the H-alpha surface brightness and kinematics in tandem with the stellar velocity field, we conclude that ram pressure has completely removed the interstellar medium from the outer disk, while the primary tail is still fed by gas f…
We report new wide-field (~ 4 x 4 square arcmin) MUSE observations of the Blue Infalling Group (BIG), a compact group of galaxies located at a projected distance of ~ 150 kpc from the X-Ray centre of the A1367 cluster at z = 0.021. Our MUSE observations map in detail the extended ionized gas, primarily traced by H$α$ emission, in between the members of the group. The gas morphology and its kinematics appear consistent with a tidal origin due to galaxy encounters, as also supported by the disturbed kinematics visible in one of the group members and the presence of tidal dwarf systems. A diffuse…
MUSE observations of the cluster of galaxies CGr32 ($M_{200}$ $\simeq$ 2 $\times$ 10$^{14}$ M$_{\odot}$) at $z$ = 0.73 reveal the presence of two massive star forming galaxies with extended tails of diffuse gas detected in the [OII]$λλ$3727-3729 A emission-line doublet. The tails, which have a cometary shape with a typical surface brightness of a few 10$^{-18}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ arcsec$^{-2}$, extend up to $\simeq$ 100 kpc (projected distance) from the galaxy discs and are not associated to any stellar component. All this observational evidence suggests that the gas has been removed durin…
High resolution (1'' $\times$ 2'') ALMA CO(2-1) observations of the ram pressure stripped galaxy NGC 4402 in the Virgo cluster show some of the clearest evidence yet for the impacts of ram pressure on the molecular ISM of a galaxy. The eastern side of the galaxy at $r \sim 4.5$ kpc, upon which ram pressure is incident, has a large (width $\sim$1 kpc, height $\sim$1 kpc above the disk midplane) extraplanar plume of molecular gas and dust. Molecular gas in the plume region shows distinct non-circular motions in the direction of the ram pressure; the kinematic offset of up to 60 km s$^{-1}$ is co…
We have discovered large amounts of molecular gas, as traced by CO emission, in the ram pressure stripped gas tail of the Coma cluster galaxy D100 (GMP 2910), out to large distances of about 50 kpc. D100 has a 60 kpc long, strikingly narrow tail which is bright in X-rays and Hα. Our observations with the IRAM 30m telescope reveal in total ~ 10^9 M_sun of H_2 (assuming the standard CO-to-H_2 conversion) in several regions along the tail, thus indicating that molecular gas may dominate its mass. Along the tail we measure a smooth gradient in the radial velocity of the CO emission that is offset …
Ram-pressure stripping caught in action in a young cluster at $z = 2.51$
Nanjing University（南京大学）；Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University（南京大学现代天文与天体物理重点实验室）；Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学）；Université Paris Cité（巴黎西岱大学）；CEA（法国原子能和替代能源委员会）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；AIM（宇宙学、物质与星际介质研究所）；Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso（智利天主教瓦帕拉索大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)（意大利国家天体物理研究所）；Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院紫金山天文台）
This study uses HI image data from the WALLABY pilot survey with the ASKAP telescope, covering the Hydra cluster out to 2.5$r_{200}$. We present the projected phase-space distribution of HI-detected galaxies in Hydra, and identify that nearly two thirds of the galaxies within $1.25r_{200}$ may be in the early stages of ram pressure stripping. More than half of these may be only weakly stripped, with the ratio of strippable HI (i.e., where the galactic restoring force is lower than the ram pressure in the disk) mass fraction (over total HI mass) distributed uniformly below 90%. Consequently, th…
Ram pressure stripping (RPS) is a process that removes the interstellar medium (ISM) quickly, playing a vital role in galaxy evolution. Previous RPS studies have treated the ISM as single-phase or lack the resolution and physical processes to properly capture the full multiphase ISM. To improve this simplification, we introduce an inflowing, hot intracluster medium (ICM) into a self-consistently modeled ISM in a local patch of star-forming galactic disks using the TIGRESS framework. Our simulations reveal that the workings of RPS are not only direct acceleration of the ISM by ICM ram pressure …
The removal of the interstellar medium (ISM) of disk galaxies through ram pressure stripping (RPS) has been extensively studied in numerous simulations. Nevertheless, the role of magnetic fields (MF) on the gas dynamics in this process has been hardly studied, although the MF influence on the large-scale disk structure is well established. With this in mind, we present a 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of face-on RPS of a disk galaxy to study the impact of the galactic MF in the gas stripping. The main effect of including a galactic MF is a flared disk. When the intracluster medium (IC…
Probing viscosity of the intracluster medium using ram-pressure stripping
National Tsing Hua University（国立清华大学）；National Center for Theoretical Sciences（国家理论科学中心）；Purdue University Fort Wayne（普渡大学韦恩堡分校）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
Gas can be violently stripped from their galaxy disks in rich clusters, and be dispersed over 100kpc-scale tails or plumes. Young stars have been observed in these tails, suggesting they are formed in situ. This will contribute to the intracluster light, in addition to tidal stripping of old stars. We want to quantify the efficiency of intracluster star formation. We present CO(1--0) and CO(2--1) observations, made with the IRAM-30m telescope, towards the ram-pressure stripped tail northeast of NGC4388 in Virgo. HII regions found all along the tails, together with dust patches have been target…
We investigate the effects of ram pressure on the molecular ISM in the disk of the Coma cluster galaxy NGC 4921, via high resolution CO observations. We present 6" resolution CARMA CO(1-0) observations of the full disk, and 0.4" resolution ALMA CO(2-1) observations of the leading quadrant, where ram pressure is strongest. We find evidence for compression of the dense interstellar medium (ISM) on the leading side, spatially correlated with intense star formation activity in this zone. We also detect molecular gas along kiloparsec-scale filaments of dust extending into the otherwise gas stripped…
