活性物质：定量偏离平衡
Active matter: quantifying the departure from equilibrium
摘要：
活性物质系统在单个组分的水平上被驱离平衡。一个被广泛研究的类别是在粒子间相互作用和自推进的综合影响下移动的非热粒子系统，后者根据Ornstein-Uhlenbeck随机过程演化。直觉上，这些所谓的主动奥恩斯坦-乌伦贝克粒子（AOUP）系统在更长的自推进持续时间内远离平衡。定量地，这是证实了增加的等时速度相关性（这是微不足道的平衡），并增加违反爱因斯坦之间的自扩散和迁移率系数的关系。相反，熵产生率，从位置空间轨迹和其时间反演对应的概率的比率计算，具有非单调的持续时间的依赖性。因此，它没有正确地量化AOUP系统从平衡的偏离。
英文摘要：
Active matter systems are driven out of equilibrium at the level of individual constituents. One widely studied class are systems of athermal particles that move under the combined influence of interparticle interactions and self-propulsions, with the latter evolving according to the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck stochastic process. Intuitively, these so-called active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles (AOUPs) systems are farther from equilibrium for longer self-propulsion persistence times. Quantitatively, this is confirmed by the increasing equal-time velocity correlations (which are trivial in equilibrium) and by the increasing violation of the Einstein relation between the self-diffusion and mobility coefficients. In contrast, the entropy production rate, calculated from the ratio of the probabilities of the position space trajectory and its time-reversed counterpart, has a non-monotonic dependence on the persistence time. Thus, it does not properly quantify the departure of AOUPs systems from equilibrium.
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