Indoor Millimeter-Wave Systems: Design and Performance Evaluation
Jacek Kibiłda, Allen B. MacKenzie, Mohammad J. Abdel-Rahman, Seong Ki Yoo, Lorenzo Galati Giordano, Simon L. Cotton, Nicola Marchetti, Walid Saad, William G. Sc… 展开作者
Jacek Kibiłda, Allen B. MacKenzie, Mohammad J. Abdel-Rahman, Seong Ki Yoo, Lorenzo Galati Giordano, Simon L. Cotton, Nicola Marchetti, Walid Saad, William G. Scanlon, Adrian Garcia-Rodriguez, David López-Pérez, Holger Claussen, Luiz A. DaSilva
Indoor areas, such as offices and shopping malls, are a natural environment for initial millimeter-wave (mmWave) deployments. While we already have the technology that enables us to realize indoor mmWave deployments, there are many remaining challenges associated with system-level design and planning for such. The objective of this article is to bring together multiple strands of research to provide a comprehensive and integrated framework for the design and performance evaluation of indoor mmWave systems. The paper introduces the framework with a status update on mmWave technology, including ongoing fifth generation (5G) wireless standardization efforts, and then moves on to experimentally-validated channel models that inform performance evaluation and deployment planning. Together these yield insights on indoor mmWave deployment strategies and system configurations, from feasible deployment densities to beam management strategies and necessary capacity extensions.
This paper provides indoor reflection, scattering, transmission, and large-scale path loss measurements and models, which describe the main propagation mechanisms at millimeter wave and Terahertz frequencies. Channel properties for common building materials (drywall and clear glass) are carefully studied at 28, 73, and 140 GHz using a wideband sliding correlation based channel sounder system with rotatable narrow-beam horn antennas. Reflection coefficient is shown to linearly increase as the incident angle increases, and lower reflection loss (e.g., stronger reflections) are observed as freque…
This paper presents the realization of a wireless Gigabit Ethernet communication system operating in the 60 GHz band. The system architecture uses a single carrier modulation. A differential encoded binary phase shift keying modulation and a differential demodulation scheme are adopted for the intermediate frequency blocks. The baseband blocks use Reed- Solomon RS (255, 239) coding and decoding for channel forward error correction (FEC). First results of bit error rate (BER) measurements at 875 Mbps, without channel coding, are presented for different antennas.
Indoor coverage is a major challenge for 5G millimeter waves (mmWaves). In this paper, we address this problem through a novel theoretical framework that combines stochastic indoor environment modeling with advanced physical propagation simulation. This approach is particularly adapted to investigate indoor-to-indoor 5G mmWave propagation. Its system implementation, so-called iGeoStat, generates parameterized typical environments that account for the indoor spatial variations, then simulates radio propagation based on the physical interaction between electromagnetic waves and material properti…
University of Trento（特伦托大学）；Lund University（隆德大学）；University of Padova（帕多瓦大学）
The commercial availability of low-cost millimeter wave (mmWave) communication and radar devices is starting to improve the penetration of such technologies in consumer markets, paving the way for large-scale and dense deployments in fifth-generation (5G)-and-beyond as well as 6G networks. At the same time, pervasive mmWave access will enable device localization and device-free sensing with unprecedented accuracy, especially with respect to sub-6 GHz commercial-grade devices. This paper surveys the state of the art in device-based localization and device-free sensing using mmWave communication…
Millimeter Wave (mm-w), especially the 60 GHz band, has been receiving much attention as a key enabler for the 5G cellular networks. Beamforming (BF) is tremendously used with mm-w transmissions to enhance the link quality and overcome the channel impairments. The current mm-w BF mechanism, proposed by the IEEE 802.11ad standard, is mainly based on exhaustive searching the best transmit (TX) and receive (RX) antenna beams. This BF mechanism requires a very high setup time, which makes it difficult to coordinate a multiple number of mm-w Access Points (APs) in mobile channel conditions as a 5G …
Recently, applications of millimeter (mm) waves for high-speed broadband wireless local area network communication systems in indoor environment are increasingly gaining recognition as it provides gigabit-speed wireless communications with carrier-class performances over distances of a mile or more due to spectrum availability and wider bandwidth requirements. Collectively referred to as E-Band, the millimeter wave wireless technology present the potential to offer bandwidth delivery comparable to that of fiber optic, but without the financial and logistic challenges of deploying fiber. This p…
Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz（阿瓦兹沙希德·查姆兰大学）；Virginia Tech（弗吉尼亚理工大学）；Kyung Hee University（庆熙大学）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）
In this paper, a novel framework for guaranteeing ultra-reliable millimeter wave (mmW) communications using multiple artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is proposed. The use of multiple AI-powered RISs allows changing the propagation direction of the signals transmitted from a mmW access point (AP) thereby improving coverage particularly for non-line-of-sight (NLoS) areas. However, due to the possibility of highly stochastic blockage over mmW links, designing an intelligent controller to jointly optimize the mmW AP beam and RIS phase shifts is a daun…
The increasing demand for ultra-high throughput in ultra-dense networks might take a toll on 5G capacity. Moreover, with Internet-of-Things (IoT) and the growing use-cases for indoor killer-applications, it will be necessary to look beyond 5G technologies. One such promising technology is to move higher in the frequencies, such as the THz ($300$ $GHz$-$10$ $THz$) spectrum. THz has a massive number of greenfield-contiguous channels ranging from $10$ $GHz$ to $200$ $GHz$ (best case), which was not available in the traditional radio frequency (RF) or millimeter wave (mmWave) bands. Although THz h…
The millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology, recently standardized by IEEE 802.11ad, is emerging as an attractive alternative to the traditional 2.4/5GHz wireless systems, promising multi-Gigabit wireless throughput. However, the high attenuation and vulnerability to blockage of 60 GHz links have limited its applications (until recently) to short-range, line-of-sight, static scenarios. On the other hand, the question of whether it is feasible to build general-purpose WLANs out of mmWave radios in dynamic indoor environments with non-line-of-sight links remains largely unanswered. In this paper, th…
Recent developments in robotics and communication technologies are paving the way towards the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to provide ubiquitous connectivity in public safety scenarios or in remote areas. The millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum, in particular, has gained momentum since the huge amount of free spectrum available at such frequencies can yield very high data rates. In the UAV context, however, mmWave operations may incur severe signal attenuation and sensitivity to blockage, especially considering the very long transmission distances involved. In this paper, we present a …
National University of Defense Technology（国防科技大学）；Chongqing University（重庆大学）
We consider the mobile localization problem in future millimeter-wave wireless networks with distributed Base Stations (BSs) based on multi-antenna channel state information (CSI). For this problem, we propose a Semi-supervised tdistributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (St-SNE) algorithm to directly embed the high-dimensional CSI samples into the 2D geographical map. We evaluate the performance of St-SNE in a simulated urban outdoor millimeter-wave radio access network. Our results show that St-SNE achieves a mean localization error of 6.8 m with only 5% of labeled CSI samples in a 200*200 m^…
We experimentally demonstrate a novel scheme of power loading based on portfolio theory for millimeter-wave small-cell densification. By exploiting the statistical characteristics of interference, this approach improves the average throughput by 91% and reduces the variance.
Multi-connectivity is emerging as promising solution to provide reliable communications and seamless connectivity at the millimeter-wave frequency range. Due to the obstacles that cause frequent interruptions at such high frequency range, connectivity to multiple cells can drastically increase the network performance in terms of throughput and reliability by coordination among the network elements. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for the link scheduling optimization that maximizes the network throughput for multi-connectivity in millimeter-wave cellular networks. The considered approach…
The 6th generation of wireless communication (6G) is envisioned to give rise to various technologies for improving the end-to-end communication performance, where the communication is envisioned to utilize wireless signals in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies and above. Among others, these technologies comprise Intelligent Reflective Surfaces (IRSs) and Mobile Relays (MRs), whose envisaged roles include mitigating the negative effects of Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) connectivity, in particular at mmWave and higher frequencies. The core idea behind these technologies is to use cooperative ne…
Mobile operators are poised to leverage millimeter wave technology as 5G evolves, but despite efforts to bolster their reliability indoors and outdoors, mmWave links remain vulnerable to blockage by walls, people, and obstacles. Further, there is significant interest in bringing outdoor mmWave coverage indoors, which for similar reasons remains challenging today. This paper presents the design, hardware implementation, and experimental evaluation of mmWall, the first electronically almost-360 degree steerable metamaterial surface that operates above 24 GHz and both refracts or reflects incomin…
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) technique provides a new degree of freedom for information transmissions in millimeter wave communications. Considering the spatial distribution characteristics of OAM beams, a new OAM spatial modulation (OAM-SM) millimeter wave communication system is first proposed for future mobile networks. Furthermore, the capacity, average bit error probability and energy efficiency of OAM-SM millimeter wave communication systems are analytically derived for performance analysis. Compared with the conventional multi-input multi-output (MIMO) millimeter wave communicatio…
Internet of Things is one of the most promising technology of the fifth-generation (5G) mobile broadband systems. Data-driven wireless services of 5G systems require unprecedented capacity and availability. The millimeter-wave based wireless communication technologies are expected to play an essential role in future 5G systems. In this article, we describe the three broad categories of fifth-generation services, viz., enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, and massive machine-type communications. Furthermore, we introduce the potential issues of consumer devi…
Wireless indoor coverage and data capacity are important aspects of cellular networks. With the ever-increasing data traffic, demand for more data capacity indoors is also growing. The lower frequencies of the legacy frequency bands of macro outdoor cells manage to provide coverage inside buildings, however, new frequencies foreseen for the 5th generation (5G) of mobile communications in the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum penetrate very poorly into buildings. Therefore, a massive densification of the network would require to deploy a large number of indoor small cells, which would lead to h…
University of Trento（特伦托大学）；North Carolina State University（北卡罗来纳州立大学）
Millimeter wave (mmWave) localization algorithms exploit the quasi-optical propagation of mmWave signals, which yields sparse angular spectra at the receiver. Geometric approaches to angle-based localization typically require to know the map of the environment and the location of the access points. Thus, several works have resorted to automated learning in order to infer a device's location from the properties of the received mmWave signals. However, collecting training data for such models is a significant burden. In this work, we propose a shallow neural network model to localize mmWave devi…
The spectrum-rich millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies have the potential to alleviate the spectrum crunch that the wireless and cellular operators are already experiencing. However, compared with traditional wireless communication in the sub-6 GHz bands, due to small wavelengths most objects such as human body, cause significant additional path losses (up to 20dB), which can entirely break the mmWave link. Also, mmwave links suffer from limited range of communication. In this paper, we resort to network layer solutions to demonstrate the benefits of multi-hop routing in mitigating the blockag…
Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication has attracted increasing attention as a promising technology for 5G networks. One of the key architectural features of mmWave is the use of massive antenna arrays at both the transmitter and the receiver sides. Therefore, by employing directional beamforming (BF), both mmWave base stations (MBSs) and mmWave users (MUEs) are capable of supporting multi-beam simultaneous transmissions. However, most researches have only considered a single beam, which means that they do not make full potential of mmWave. In this context, in order to improve the performance …
Gigabit-per-second connectivity among vehicles is expected to be a key enabling technology for sensor information sharing, in turn, resulting in safer Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs). Recently proposed millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems appear to be the only solution capable of meeting the data rate demand imposed by future ITS services. In this poster, we assess the performance of a mmWave device-to-device (D2D) vehicular network by investigating the impact of system and communication parameters on end-users.
Waves on the Walls: Empirical Characterization of mmWave Lateral Waves for Enhanced Indoor Coverage
School of Computing, University of Nebraska–Lincoln（内布拉斯加大学林肯分校计算学院）；Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学电气与计算机工程）
Mobile users in an ultra-dense millimeter-wave cellular network experience handover events more frequently than in conventional networks, which results in increased service interruption time and performance degradation due to blockages. Multi-connectivity has been proposed to resolve this, and it also extends the coverage of millimeter-wave communications. In this paper, we propose a dual-connection based handover scheme for mobile UEs in an environment where they are connected simultaneously with two millimeter-wave cells to overcome frequent handover problems. This scheme allows a mobile UE …
The millimeter-wave bands have been attracting significant interest as a means to achieve major improvements in data rates and network efficiencies. One significant limitation for use of the millimeter-wave bands for cellular communication is that the communication suffers from much higher path-loss compared to the microwave bands. Millimeter-wave links have also been shown to change rapidly, causing links between devices and access points to switch among line-of-sight, non-line-of-sight and outage states. We propose using Random Linear Network Coding to overcome the unreliability of individua…
