Wei-Tou Ni
A brief history and various themes of mid-frequency gravitational wave detection are presented more or less following historical order -- Laser Interferometry, Atom Interferometry (AI), Torsion Bar Antenna (TOBA), and Superconducting Omni-directional Gravitational Radiation Observatory (SOGRO). Both Earth-based and Space-borne concepts are reviewed with outlook on expected astrophysical sources
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This article summarizes the talks in the session GW2 of the Sixteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, and Relativistic Field Theories, 5-10 July, 2021, on Mid-frequency (0.1-10 Hz) gravitational waves: Sources and detection methods with a review on strain power spectral density amplitude of various mid-frequency gravitational wave projects/concepts and with extended summaries on the progress of ZAIGA project and on the conceptual study of AMIGO.
After first reviewing the gravitational wave (GW) spectral classification. we discuss the sensitivities of GW detection in space aimed at low frequency band (100 nHz-100 mHz) and middle frequency band (100 mHz-10 Hz). The science goals are to detect GWs from (i) Supermassive Black Holes; (ii) Extreme-Mass-Ratio Black Hole Inspirals; (iii) Intermediate-Mass Black Holes; (iv) Galactic Compact Binaries; (v) Stellar-Size Black Hole Binaries; and (vi) Relic GW Background. The detector proposals have arm length ranging from 100 km to 1.35x109 km (9 AU) including (a) Solar orbiting detectors and (b) …
We assess the science reach and technical feasibility of a satellite mission based on precision atomic sensors configured to detect gravitational radiation. Conceptual advances in the past three years indicate that a two-satellite constellation with science payloads consisting of atomic sensors based on laser cooled atomic Sr can achieve scientifically interesting gravitational wave strain sensitivities in a frequency band between the LISA and LIGO detectors, roughly 30 mHz to 10 Hz. The discovery potential of the proposed instrument ranges from from observation of new astrophysical sources (e…
We make forecasts for the impact a future "midband" space-based gravitational wave experiment, most sensitive to $10^{-2}- 10$ Hz, could have on potential detections of cosmological stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds (SGWBs). Specific proposed midband experiments considered are TianGo, B-DECIGO and AEDGE. We propose a combined power-law integrated sensitivity (CPLS) curve combining GW experiments over different frequency bands, which shows the midband improves sensitivity to SGWBs by up to two orders of magnitude at $10^{-2} - 10$ Hz. We consider GW emission from cosmic strings and phas…
Arm-Locking Frequency Noise Suppression for Astronomical Middle-Frequency Interferometric Gravitational Wave Observatory
本文研究将臂锁定技术应用于 AMIGO 引力波观测台，可将激光频率噪声抑制三个数量级，使辅助噪声分配更宽松，并在不到一天内将多普勒频率牵引降至 ±0.001 Hz 以内。
Gravitational Wave Measurement in the Mid-Band with Atom Interferometers
本文研究基于原子干涉仪的中频段引力波探测器对1至100太阳质量致密双星的测量能力，开发了Fisher矩阵程序AIMforGW，并证明卫星载探测器可实现亚度级天空定位且单基线配置即可获得接近均匀的天空覆盖。
Gravitational Lens System as a Long Baseline Detector of Extremely Low Frequency Primordial Gravitational Wave
本文研究了极低频原初引力波对非对齐引力透镜系统的影响，采用奇异等温球透镜模型发现时间延迟的强烈偏离可作为引力波印记，表明引力透镜系统能作为长基线探测器探测极低频原初引力波。
Primordial gravitational waves with extremely low frequency are expected to origin from inflation in the early Universe. The detection of such kind of gravitational waves is of great significance to verify the inflationary theory and determine the energy scale of inflation. B-mode of polarization of cosmic microwave background shows to be a promising probe of extremely low frequency primordial gravitational wave. In order to find a complementary observational feature induced by primordial gravitational wave with extremely low frequency, we propose an alternative way of detection by investigati…
Detecting extremely low frequency primordial gravitational wave by gravitational lens system
针对传统B模极化探测极低频原初引力波（PGWs）受尘埃污染的问题，提出利用高红移源的引力透镜系统（GLS）探测PGWs，发现受PGWs扰动的GLS时间延迟会强烈偏离理论值，可作为极低频PGWs存在的证据。
Detectability of Gravitational Waves from SN 1987A
我们讨论了从超新星1987 A产生的快速旋转的中子星中探测引力波的可能性，并采用了Middleditch等人（2000）声称的参数。假设自旋下降的主导机制是自由进动的中子星发射的引力波，则可以约束进动地壳的摆动角、有效惯性矩和地壳破裂应力极限。我们的分析表明，如果对Middleditch数据的解释是正确的，SN 1987 A的致密残留物很可能在LIGO II的能力范围内提供可靠和可预测的引力波源。
A superconducting tensor detector for mid-frequency gravitational waves: its multi-channel nature and main astrophysical targets
本文研究用于0.1至10 Hz中频引力波的超导全向引力辐射观测站SOGRO，分析其三种设计的六通道响应与全向探测能力，并指出其主要科学目标为致密双星并合和随机引力波背景。
Unpolarized Low-Frequency Tail of Causal Chiral Gravitational Waves
本研究证明有限时间宇称破缺源产生的引力波背景低频尾部普遍无偏振，手征性分数随频率线性下降，并归因于大尺度上两种螺旋度产生效率几乎相同。
AMIGO is a first-generation Astrodynamical Middle-frequency Interferometric GW Observatory. The scientific goals of AMIGO are: to bridge the spectra gap between first-generation high-frequency and low-frequency GW sensitivities; to detect intermediate mass BH coalescence; to detect inspiral phase and predict time of binary black hole coalescence together with neutron star coalescence for ground interferometers; to detect compact binary inspirals for studying stellar evolution and galactic population. The mission concept is to use time delay interferometry for a nearly triangular formation of 3…
The potential of compressed sensing for obtaining sparse time-frequency representations for gravitational wave data analysis is illustrated by comparison with existing methods, as regards i) shedding light on the fine structure of noise transients (glitches) in preparation of their classification, and ii) boosting the performance of waveform consistency tests in the detection of unmodeled transient gravitational wave signals using a network of detectors affected by unmodeled noise transient
Gravitational Wave-Sensitive Photonic-Like Electronic Transport in Graphene for Efficient High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection
本研究提出利用石墨烯中类光子电子输运探测高频引力波，发现其影响可在实空间和$k$空间积累，信号相对强度变化比同臂长激光干涉仪高六个数量级。
Probing high frequency gravitational waves with pulsars
本文研究了脉冲星磁层中的引力子-光子转换，利用Crab和Geminga脉冲星观测数据约束了高频随机引力波，填补了现有实验空白并推动了引力波观测的频率前沿。
High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Detection via Optical Frequency Modulation
本文探讨了通过光学频率调制探测高频引力波的方法，提出了基于激光频率解调和原子钟的新技术，并展示了宽频段内的良好灵敏度。
Goryachev et al. [1] recently announced the detection of "two strongly significant events" in their Bulk Acoustic Wave High Frequency Gravitational Wave Antenna. They claim many possibilities for the cause of these events, including high-frequency megahertz gravitational waves. We demonstrate these events are not due to gravitational waves for two reasons. 1) The inferred stochastic gravitational-wave background from these events implies the gravitational-wave energy density of the Universe is $Ω_{\rm gw}\approx 10^8$, approximately $10^8$ times the closure density of the Universe. 2) The low-…
Multiband Gravitational Wave Detection Prospects for M31 UCXB-1 System in Low and Middle Frequency Band
研究M31 UCXB-1在低频和中频引力波探测中的潜力，发现中频探测器如DECIGO和BBO可能实现高信噪比检测。
Electromagnetic high-frequency gravitational wave detection
本文综述基于经典电磁效应的MHz–THz高频引力波探测进展，并强调其与轴子搜索和原子精密测量的协同潜力。
Localizing sources on the sky is crucial for realizing the full potential of gravitational waves for astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology. We show that the mid-frequency band, roughly 0.03 to 10 Hz, has significant potential for angular localization. The angular location is measured through the changing Doppler shift as the detector orbits the Sun. This band maximizes the effect since these are the highest frequencies in which sources live several months. Atom interferometer detectors can observe in the mid-frequency band, and even with just a single baseline can exploit this effect for sens…
A perturbative solution for gravitational waves in quadratic gravity
通过向爱因斯坦线性化场方程添加连续微扰，我们找到了线性化二次引力的引力波解。我们表明，只有Ricci平方二次不变量有助于给一个不同的解决方案中发现的爱因斯坦的广义相对论。微扰解被写成$β$参数的幂级数，$β$参数是二次引力作用量中Ricci平方项的系数。我们还表明，对于一个给定的角频率$ω$的单色波，微扰解可以总结出一个精确的解，线性化版本的二次引力，$0<ω<c/\midβ\mid^{1/2}$。这一结果可能对宇宙学起源的引力波背景的预言产生影响。
Gravitational waves imprint apparent Doppler shifts on the frequency of photons propagating between an emitter and detector of light. This forms the basis of a method to detect gravitational waves using Doppler velocimetry between pairs of satellites. Such detectors, operating in the milli-hertz gravitational frequency band, could lead to the direct detection of gravitational waves. The crucial component in such a detector is the frequency standard on board the emitting and receiving satellites. We point out that recent developments in atomic frequency standards have led to devices that are ap…
High frequency sources of gravitational waves
本文综述了高频引力波的来源。引力坍缩、旋转不稳定性和致密天体的振荡是产生引力波的重要潜在源。通过对引力波信号的仔细研究，可以获得关于坍缩的各个阶段、质子中子星的演化以及这类物体的状态方程细节的重要而独特的信息。
Long baseline atom interferometers offer an exciting opportunity to explore mid-frequency gravitational waves. In this work we survey the landscape of possible contributions to the total 'gravitational wave background' in this frequency band and advocate for targeting this observable. Such an approach is complimentary to searches for resolved mergers from individual sources and may have much to reveal about the Universe. We find that the inspiral phases of stellar-mass compact binaries cumulatively produce a signal well within reach of the proposed AION-km and AEDGE experiments. Hypothetical p…
We analyze detector responses of gravitational wave detectors for gravitational waves with arbitrary polarizations predicted in the metric theories of gravity. We present the general formulas for the frequency responses valid in various interferometric arrangements including Michelson, Delay-Line and Fabry-Perot detectors. We analyze the angular and frequency behavior and the sensitivity patterns of the responses for each polarization mode.
Coincident-Frequency Entangled Photons in a Homogenous Gravitational Field - A Thought Experiment
假设能量守恒原理适用于频率一致的纠缠光子在均匀引力场中的传播。在这种物理背景下，无论是量子纠缠还是弱等效原理都被光子打破了。
Full-analytic frequency-domain 1pN-accurate gravitational wave forms from eccentric compact binaries
本文给出了任意质量比的偏心非自旋致密双星的可用的1pN精度频域引力波形式，包括对远区引力波振幅的第一个后牛顿（1pN）点粒子修正，用张量球谐函数表示。由于辐射反应的偏心率的衰减和径向频率的增长的平均方程被用来提供固定相位近似的频域波形。
Evolution of high-frequency gravitational waves in some cosmological models
我们研究了Isaacson的高频引力波在一些相关的宇宙学模型，特别是FRW时空中的传播。对于各种度规形式的（反）de Sitter宇宙，得到了它们在Fourier空间中的时间演化.高频波在各向异性Kasner时空中的行为也被描述。
Some high-frequency gravitational waves related to exact radiative spacetimes
本文介绍了一种既能描述标准线性化波又能描述Isaacson高频极限下的引力波的形式。在强调了两种近似方法的主要区别后，我们将Isaacson方法推广到非真空时空。然后，我们提出了三大类显式解的高频引力波在特定的背景。这些包括非膨胀波（平面、球面或双曲面）、柱面波和膨胀波（球面），它们在可能包含宇宙学常数和电磁场的各种宇宙中传播。这些类型的高频引力摄动的关系，相应的精确辐射时空的描述。
Estimates of the emitted power and the metric perturbation of the gravitational waves generated in laser plasma interaction are performed. The expected intensities are too low to be detected with the present day instruments.
Method for estimation of gravitational-wave transient model parameters in frequency-time maps
用于检测引力波信号的常见技术是在引力波检测器数据的频率-时间图中搜索过量功率。在检测到的情况下，将进行模型选择和参数估计，以探索源的属性。在本文中，我们发展了一种贝叶斯统计方法，用于从观测到的频率-时间图中的引力波信号中提取依赖于模型的参数。我们证明了该方法通过恢复模型引力波信号的参数添加到模拟先进的LIGO噪声。我们还描述了该方法的性能，并讨论了未来工作的前景。
Low-frequency gravitational waves coupled with electromagnetic waves in material media
研究低频引力波与电磁波在材料介质中的耦合效应及其对测试质量的影响，揭示了特定条件下耦合引力波振幅与外部天体物理源引力波的关系。
Inhomogeneous High Frequency Expansion-Free Gravitational Waves
我们描述了高频平面引力波的自然非均匀性概括。这些波是高频的Kundt型波，其在时空中的零传播方向具有消失的膨胀、扭曲和剪切，但不是协变常数。介绍了一个宇宙学常数的一些细节进行了讨论，并与高频重力波波前同胚的2-球。
The gravitational frequency shift of light signals from the center of a spherically symmetric non-static matter distribution is considered. Explicit formulas for the ratio of the emitted and received frequencies are obtained in the case of the oscillating scalar dark matter with logarithmic potential.
Photon frequency conversion induced by gravitational radiation
本文研究了引力辐射在磁化多组分等离子体中的传播。结果表明，大的密度扰动可以产生，即使是小的偏差，从平坦的空间，提供的回旋频率是远远大于等离子体频率。此外，密度梯度还可以引起电磁辐射的频率转换，从而产生引力波的间接观测效应。
On the frequency of gravitational waves
我们表明，有物理相关的情况下，引力波不继承其源的频谱，但其波数谱。
Low Frequency Gravitational Waves from Black Hole MACHO Binaries
Nakamura、Sasaki、Tanaka和Thorne最近估计了星系晕中MACHO双星的初始分布，假设MACHO是原始的半个太阳质量的黑洞，并认为它们的合并是地基干涉仪引力波探测器（如LIGO）的可能来源。将它们的双星分布随时间向前演化到现在，计算了与这样一个致密双星群体相关的引力波的低频（10^{-5} < f < 10^{-1} Hz）谱。由此产生的引力波将在拟议中的空间干涉仪（如LISA和OMEGA）中形成强烈的随机背景。低频引力波很可能成为确定暗双星中双星性质的关键工具。
Searching for gravitational waves from known pulsars at once and twice the spin frequency
旋转中子星内部超流核的存在可能会影响其引力波发射。除了通常假设的具有两倍于自旋频率的引力波频率的纯四极辐射之外，旋转频率本身也可能存在于引力波谱中。我们研究了这样的排放的一般模型的参数，比较它与以前提出的，更简单的模型，讨论了恢复的恒星参数的可行性，并进行了蒙特卡罗模拟，以测试我们的估计方法的性能。
Detecting high-frequency gravitational waves with optically-levitated sensors
我们提出了一种可调谐振传感器，用于检测频率范围为50-300 kHz的引力波，使用光学捕获和冷却的电介质微球或微盘。我们描述的技术可以超过在这个频率范围内基于激光的引力波观测站的灵敏度，使用的仪器只有它们尺寸的百分之几。这样的设备将100 kHz以上的引力波源的搜索量扩展了1到3个数量级，并且可以检测到由于超辐射效应而在我们银河系内恒星质量的黑洞周围形成的云中QCD轴子湮灭产生的引力单色辐射。
We provide an observation method for gravitational waves using a pulsar timing array to extend the observational frequency range up to the rotational frequency of pulsars. For this purpose, we perform an analysis of a perturbed electromagnetic wave in perturbed spacetime from the field perspective. We apply the analysis to the received electromagnetic waves in a radio telescope, which partially composes the periodic electromagnetic pulse emitted by a pulsar. For simple observation, two frequency windows are considered. For each window, we propose gauge-invariant quantities and discuss their ob…
Frequency-dependent rigidity in large-scale interferometric gravitational-wave detectors
如果泵浦频率与谐振器的本征频率失谐，则存在于大型光学谐振器中的电磁刚度具有复杂的光谱依赖性，这允许获得比自由测试质量和谐振子的标准量子极限更好的灵敏度。
This is a collection of literature reviews and some initial work on the estimation of the frequency of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger for low SNR. This document provides a starting point, with a broad overview of the prerequisites required for the follow-up work on frequency estimation.
Reply to the comment on: "Does an atom interferometer test the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency?"
Hohensee、Chu、Peters和Müller对我们的论文“Does an atom interferometer test the gravitational redshift at the Compton frequency？”提交了一份评论（arXiv：1112.6039 [gr-qc]）。，Classical and量子引力28，145017（2011），arXiv：1009.2485 [gr-qc].在这里，我们回答这个评论，并表明，我们的论文的主要结果，即原子干涉重力仪不测试在康普顿频率的引力红移，仍然有效。
I present a numerical fit to the peak harmonic gravitational wave frequency emitted by an eccentric binary system in the post-Newtonian approximation. This fit significantly improves upon a previous commonly-used fit in population synthesis studies, in particular for eccentricities $\lesssim 0.8$.
We investigate the possibility of observing very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic radiation produced from the vacuum by gravitational waves. We review the calculations leading to the possibility of vacuum conversion of gravitational waves into electromagnetic waves and show how this process evades the well-known prohibition against particle production from gravitational waves. Using Newman-Penrose scalars, we estimate the luminosity of this proposed electromagnetic counterpart radiation coming from gravitational waves produced by neutron star oscillations. The detection of electromagnetic c…
Spinning neutron stars can emit long-lived gravitational waves. There are several mechanisms that can produce such continuous wave emission. These mechanisms relate to the strains in the elastic crust, the star's magnetic field, superfluidity of the neutron fluid, and bulk oscillations of the entire star. In this chapter we describe how the frequency content of the gravitational wave signal, and its relation to any electromagnetically observed spin frequency, can be used to constrain the mechanism producing the gravitational waves. These ideas will be of use in the event of the first detection…
Very high frequency gravitational wave background in the universe
高频引力辐射的天体物理源被认为是与一个新的兴趣非常敏感的HFGW接收器所需的实验室GW赫兹实验。特别注意的是原始黑洞蒸发的现象。它们对各种辐射（包括引力子）的行为就像黑体，因此在蒸发过程中发射出引力子的平衡谱。给出了宇宙中高频引力子密度的极限，并简要讨论了探测到高频引力子的可能性。
High-Frequency Gravitational Waves from Phase Transitions in Nascent Neutron Stars
研究新生中子星相变过程中可能产生高频率引力波，为高频率引力波探测器提供新的研究目标，验证量子色动力学在不可接触的领域。
Future ground-based gravitational-wave detectors are slated to detect black hole and neutron star collisions from the entire stellar history of the universe. To achieve the designed detector sensitivities, frequency noise from the laser source must be reduced below the level achieved in current Advanced LIGO detectors. This paper reviews the laser frequency noise suppression scheme in Advanced LIGO, and quantifies the noise coupling to the gravitational-wave readout. The laser frequency noise incident on the current Advanced LIGO detectors is $8 \times 10^{-5}~\mathrm{Hz/\sqrt{Hz}}$ at $1~\mat…
High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Constraints from Precision Spectroscopy
该研究利用引力波对激光腔中电磁波传播及光子频率的影响，通过光学精密光谱学在100kHz至100MHz搜索高频引力波并首次约束该范围，还探讨了技术改进，有望提高灵敏度并扩展频率覆盖范围。
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