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arXiv 2003.14342cs.LOmath.COmath.LO
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可熔数与皮亚诺算术

Fusible numbers and Peano Arithmetic

Jeff Erickson, Gabriel Nivasch, Junyan Xu

AI总结:

本文定义可熔数并证明其良序性、密度增长及不可证性,揭示其与皮亚诺算术的深刻联系。

摘要:

受一个涉及保险丝的数学谜题的启发,我们将“可熔数”定义如下:$0$ 是可熔的,并且每当 $x,y$ 可熔且 $|y-x|<1$ 时,数 $(x+y+1)/2$ 也是可熔的。我们证明,按 $\mathbb R$ 上的通常顺序排列的可熔数集合是良序的,其序型为 $\varepsilon_0$。此外,我们证明可熔数沿实数轴的密度以令人难以置信的速度增长:设 $g(n)$ 为区间 $[n,\infty)$ 中相邻可熔数之间的最大间隙,则对于某个常数 $c$,有 $g(n)^{-1} \ge F_{\varepsilon_0}(n-c)$,其中 $F_\alpha$ 表示快速增长的层级。最后,我们推导出一些真命题,它们可以在皮亚诺算术中表述但无法证明,且与先前已知的此类命题风格不同:PA 无法证明真命题“对于每个自然数 $n$,存在一个大于 $n$ 的最小可熔数。”此外,考虑算法“$M(x)$:如果 $x<0$ 则返回 $-x$,否则返回 $M(x-M(x-1))/2$。”那么 $M$ 在实数输入上终止,尽管 PA 无法证明命题“$M$ 在所有自然数输入上终止”。

英文摘要:

Inspired by a mathematical riddle involving fuses, we define the "fusible numbers" as follows: $0$ is fusible, and whenever $x,y$ are fusible with $|y-x|<1$, the number $(x+y+1)/2$ is also fusible. We prove that the set of fusible numbers, ordered by the usual order on $\mathbb R$, is well-ordered, with order type $\varepsilon_0$. Furthermore, we prove that the density of the fusible numbers along the real line grows at an incredibly fast rate: Letting $g(n)$ be the largest gap between consecutive fusible numbers in the interval $[n,\infty)$, we have $g(n)^{-1} \ge F_{\varepsilon_0}(n-c)$ for some constant $c$, where $F_α$ denotes the fast-growing hierarchy. Finally, we derive some true statements that can be formulated but not proven in Peano Arithmetic, of a different flavor than previously known such statements: PA cannot prove the true statement "For every natural number $n$ there exists a smallest fusible number larger than $n$." Also, consider the algorithm "$M(x)$: if $x<0$ return $-x$, else return $M(x-M(x-1))/2$." Then $M$ terminates on real inputs, although PA cannot prove the statement "$M$ terminates on all natural inputs."

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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