In [B90] or an available version [B18], Berge constructed twelve families of primitive/primitve(or simply P/P) knots, which are referred to as the Berge knots. It is proved in [B08] or independently in [G13] that all P/P knots are the Berge knots, which gives the complete classification of P/P knots. However, the hyperbolicity of the Berge knots was undetermined in [B90]. As a natural generalization of P/P knots, Dean introduced primitive/Seifert(or simply P/SF) knots in $S^3$. The classification of hyperbolic P/SF knots has been performed and the complete list of hyperbolic P/SF knots is given in [BK20].
In this paper, we provide necessary, sufficient, or equivalent conditions for P/P or P/SF knots being nonhyperbolic, and their applications on some P/SF knots. The results of this paper will be used in proving the hyperbolicity of P/P and P/SF knots in [K20a] and [K20b] completing the classification of hyperbolic P/P and P/SF knots in [B90] and [BK20] respectively.
By obtaining surgery descriptions of knots which lie on the genus one fiber of the trefoil or figure eight knot, we show that these include hyperbolic knots with arbitrarily large volume. These knots admit lens space surgeries and form two families of Berge knots. By way of tangle descriptions we also obtain surgery descriptions for these knots on minimally twisted chain links.
T. Saito and M. Teragaito asked whether Berge knots of type VII are hyperbolic, and showed that some infinite sequences of the knots are hyperbolic. We show that Berge knots of types VII and VIII are hyperbolic except the known sequence of torus knots. We used the Reidemeister torsions. As a result, the Alexander polynomials of them have already shown their hyperbolicities. We also show that the standard parameters identify Berge knots of types VII and VIII, and study what kind of information identify them.
We construct an algorithm that lists all closed essential surfaces in the complement of a knot that lies on the fiber of a trefoil or figure eight knot. Such knots are Berge knots and hence admit lens space surgeries. Furthermore they may have arbitrarily large hyperbolic volume. Using this algorithm we concoct large volume Berge knots of two flavors: those whose complement contains arbitrarily many distinct closed essential surfaces, and those whose complement contains no closed essential surfaces.
Divide knots and links, defined by A'Campo in the singularity theory of complex curves, is a method to present knots or links by real plane curves. The present paper is a continuation of the author's previous result that every knot in the major subfamilies of Berge's lens space surgery (i.e., knots yielding a lens space by Dehn surgery) is presented by an L-shaped curve as a divide knot. In the present paper, L-shaped curves are generalized and it is shown that every knot in the minor subfamilies, called sporadic examples, of Berge's lens space surgery is presented by a generalized L-shaped cu…
Let $P(K)$ be a satellite knot where the pattern, $P$, is a Berge-Gabai knot (i.e., a knot in the solid torus with a non-trivial solid torus Dehn surgery), and the companion, $K$, is a non-trivial knot in $S^3$. We prove that $P(K)$ is an L-space knot if and only if $K$ is an L-space knot and $P$ is sufficiently positively twisted relative to the genus of $K$. This generalizes the result for cables due to Hedden and the first author.
Using Kirby Calculus, we explicitly pass from Berge's R-R descriptions of ten families of knots with lens space surgeries to surgery descriptions on the minimally twisted five chain link (MT5C). Since the MT5C admits a strong involution, we also give the corresponding tangle descriptions.
We investigate commensurability classes of hyperbolic knot complements in the generic case of knots without hidden symmetries. We show that such knot complements which are commensurable are cyclically commensurable, and that there are at most $3$ hyperbolic knot complements in a cyclic commensurability class. Moreover if two hyperbolic knots have cyclically commensurable complements, then they are fibered with the same genus and are chiral. A characterisation of cyclic commensurability classes of complements of periodic knots is also given. In the non-periodic case, we reduce the characterisat…
We complete the first step in a two-part program proposed by Baker, Grigsby, and the author to prove that Berge's construction of knots in the three-sphere which admit lens space surgeries is complete. The first step, which we prove here, is to show that a knot in a lens space with a three-sphere surgery has simple (in the sense of rank) knot Floer homology. The second (conjectured) step involves showing that, for a fixed lens space, the only knots with simple Floer homology belong to a simple finite family. Using results of Baker, we provide evidence for the conjectural part of the program by…
(Original version of PhD thesis, submitted in Spring 2009 to Harvard University. Provides a solution of the $p > k^2$ case, corresponding to Berge families I-VI, of the "Lens space realization problem" later solved in entirety by Greene.) In the 1980's, Berge proved that a certain collection of knots in $S^3$ admitted lens space surgeries, a list which Gordon conjectured was exhaustive. More recently, J. Rasmussen used techniques from Heegaard Floer homology to translate the related problem of classifying simple knots in lens spaces admitting L-space homology sphere surgeries into a combinator…
Dehn surgery on a knot determines a dual knot in the surgered manifold, the core of the filling torus. We consider duals of knots in $S^3$ that have a lens space surgery. Each dual supports a contact structure. We show that if a universally tight contact structure is supported, then the dual is in the same homology class as the dual of a torus knot.
It is proved that every knot in the major subfamilies of J. Berge's lens space surgery (i.e., knots yielding a lens space by Dehn surgery) is presented by an L-shaped (real) plane curve as a "divide knot" defined by N. A'Campo in the context of singularity theory of complex curves. For each knot given by Berge's parameters, the corresponding plane curve is constructed. The surgery coefficients are also considered. Such presentations support us to study each knot itself, and the relationship among the knots in the set of lens space surgeries.
We propose a classification of knots in S^1 x S^2 that admit a longitudinal surgery to a lens space. Any lens space obtainable by longitudinal surgery on some knots in S^1 x S^2 may be obtained from a Berge-Gabai knot in a Heegaard solid torus of S^1 x S^2, as observed by Rasmussen. We show that there are yet two other families of knots: those that lie on the fiber of a genus one fibered knot and the `sporadic' knots. All these knots in S^1 x S^2 are both doubly primitive and spherical braids. This classification arose from generalizing Berge's list of doubly primitive knots in S^3, though we …
A knot in the 3-sphere is called an L--space knot if it admits a nontrivial Dehn surgery yielding an L--space. Like torus knots and Berge knots, many L--space knots admit also a Seifert fibered surgery. We give a concrete example of a hyperbolic, L-space knot which has no exceptional surgeries, in particular, no Seifert fibered surgeries.
Baker showed that 10 of the 12 classes of Berge knots are obtained by surgery on the minimally twisted 5-chain link. In this article we enumerate all hyperbolic knots in S^3 obtained by surgery on the minimally twisted 5 chain link that realize the maximal known distances between slopes corresponding to exceptional (lens, lens), (lens, toroidal), (lens, Seifert fibred spaces) pairs. In light of Baker's work, the classification in this paper conjecturally accounts for 'most' hyperbolic knots in S^3 realizing the maximal distance between these exceptional pairs. All examples obtained in our clas…
In this paper, we consider which lens spaces are obtainable by Dehn surgery described by Berge on doubly primitive knots. It is given an algorithm to decide whether a given lens space is obtainable by such surgery. Also included is a complete characterization of such surgery yielding lens spaces with Klein bottles.
We compute the genus zero bridge numbers and give lower bounds on the genus one bridge numbers for a large class of sufficiently generic hyperbolic twisted torus knots. As a result, the bridge spectra of these knots have two gaps which can be chosen to be arbitrarily large, providing the first known examples of hyperbolic knots exhibiting this property. In addition, we show that there are Berge and Dean knots with arbitrarily large genus one bridge numbers, and as a result, we give solutions to problems of Eudave-Muñoz concerning tunnel number one knots.
Berge introduced knots that are primitive/primitive with respect to the genus 2 Heegaard surface, $F$, in $S^3$; surgery on such knots at the surface slope yields a lens space. Later Dean described a similar class of knots that are primitive/Seifert with respect to $F$; surgery on these knots at the surface slope yields a Seifert fibered space. Here we construct a two-parameter family of knots that have distinct primitive/Seifert embeddings in $F$ with the same surface slope, as well as a family of torus knots that have a primitive/primitive representative and a primitive/Seifert representativ…
We show that lens space surgeries on knots in $S^3$ which arise from the primitive/Seifert type construction also arise from the primitive/primitive construction. This is the first step of a three step program to prove the Berge conjecture for tunnel number one knots.
In an earlier paper, we used the absolute grading on Heegaard Floer homology to give restrictions on knots in $S^3$ which admit lens space surgeries. The aim of the present article is to exhibit stronger restrictions on such knots, arising from knot Floer homology. One consequence is that all the non-zero coefficients of the Alexander polynomial of such a knot are $\pm 1$. This information in turn can be used to prove that certain lens spaces are not obtained as integral surgeries on knots. In fact, combining our results with constructions of Berge, we classify lens spaces $L(p,q)$ which arise…
A knot in the 3-sphere is called an L-space knot if it admits a nontrivial Dehn surgery yielding an L-space, i.e. a rational homology 3-sphere with the smallest possible Heegaard Floer homology. Given a knot K, take an unknotted circle c and twist K n times along c to obtain a twist family { K_n }. We give a sufficient condition for { K_n } to contain infinitely many L-space knots. As an application we show that for each torus knot and each hyperbolic Berge knot K, we can take c so that the twist family { K_n } contains infinitely many hyperbolic L-space knots. We also demonstrate that there i…
This paper describes a Dehn surgery approach to generating asymmetric hyperbolic manifolds with two distinct lens space fillings. Such manifolds were first identified in work of Dunfield-Hoffman-Licata as the result of a computer search of the SnapPy census, but the current work establishes a topological framework for constructing vastly many more such examples. We introduce the notion of a ``jointly primitive'' presentation of a knot and show that a refined version of this condition ``longitudinally jointly primitive'' is equivalent to being surgery dual to a $(1,2)$--knot in a lens space. Th…
Berge in [1] defined doubly primitive knots, which yield lens spaces by Dehn surgery. At the same paper he listed the knots into several types. In this paper we will prove the list is complete when $τ>1$. The invariant $τ$ is a quantity with regard to lens space surgery, which is defined in this paper. Furthermore at the same time we will also prove that Table~6 in [8] is complete as Poincaré homology sphere surgery when $τ>1$.
Similar to knots in S^3, any knot in a lens space has a grid diagram from which one can combinatorially compute all of its knot Floer homology invariants. We give an explicit description of the generators, differentials, and rational Maslov and Alexander gradings in terms of combinatorial data on the grid diagram. Motivated by existing results for the Floer homology of knots in S^3 and the similarity of the combinatorics presented here, we conjecture that a certain family of knots is characterized by their Floer homology. Coupled with work of the third author, an affirmative answer to this wou…
We call a pair (K, m) of a knot K in the 3-sphere S^3 and an integer m a Seifert fibered surgery if m-surgery on K yields a Seifert fiber space. For most known Seifert fibered surgeries (K, m), K can be embedded in a genus 2 Heegaard surface of S^3 in a primitive/Seifert position, the concept introduced by Dean as a natural extension of primitive/primitive position defined by Berge. Recently Guntel has given an infinite family of Seifert fibered surgeries each of which has distinct primitive/Seifert positions. In this paper we give yet other infinite families of Seifert fibered surgeries with …
