从计数电子到校准电流表：小电流可跟踪测量的改进方法
From Counting Electrons to Calibrating Ammeters: Improved Methodologies for Traceable Measurements of Small Electric Currents
摘要：
超稳低噪声电流放大器和电子泵等新技术为小直流电流的溯源测量提供了新的方法。我们回顾了小电流测量的四种可追溯性路线，并讨论了每一种的优点。我们提出了三个小电流校准的案例研究，突出了噪声和漂移仪器偏移的作用。我们展示了如何使用Allan偏差作为设计校准周期的统计工具，以正确地消除校准数据中的漂移仪器偏移。我们还提出了一个简化的低电流安培计的噪声模型，预测在校准中可实现的统计不确定度的下限。
英文摘要：
New technology, the ultrastable low-noise current amplifier and the electron pump, provide new methods for making traceable measurements of small DC electric currents. We review four traceability routes for small current measurements and discuss the merits of each one. We present three case studies of small current calibrations, highlighting the role of noise and drifting instrument offsets. We show how the Allan deviation is used as a statistical tool for designing a calibration cycle to correctly eliminate drifting instrument offsets from calibration data. We also present a simplified noise model for a low-current ammeter which predicts a lower limit to the achievable statistical uncertainty in a calibration.
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