We studied the dynamics of the solar atmosphere in the region of a large quiet-Sun filament, which erupted on 21 October 2010. The filament eruption started at its northern end and disappeared from the H$α$ line-core filtergrams line within a few hours. The very fast motions of the northern leg were recorded in ultraviolet light by AIA.
We aim to study a wide range of available datasets describing the dynamics of the solar atmosphere for five days around the filament eruption. This interval covers three days of the filament evolution, one day before the filament growth and one day after the eruption. We search for possible triggers that lead to the eruption of the filament.
The surface velocity field in the region of the filament were measured by means of time-distance helioseismology and coherent structure tracking. The apparent velocities in the higher atmosphere were estimated by tracking the features in the 30.4 nm AIA observations. To capture the evolution of the magnetic field, we extrapolated the photospheric line-of-sight magnetograms and also computed the decay index of the magnetic field.
We found that photospheric velocity fields showed some peculiarities. Before the filament activation, we observed a temporal increase of the converging flows towards the filament's spine. In addition, the mean squared velocity increased temporarily before the activation and peaked just before it, followed by a steep decrease. We further see an increase in the average shear of the zonal flow component in the filament's region, followed by a steep decrease. The photospheric l.o.s. magnetic field shows a persistent increase of induction eastward from the filament spine. The decay index of the magnetic field at heights around 10 Mm shows a value larger than critical at the connecting point of the northern filament end.
Time series of photospheric magnetic parameters of solar active regions (ARs) are used to answer whether scaling properties of fluctuations embedded in such time series help to distinguish between flare-quiet and flaring ARs. We examine a total of 118 flare-quiet and 118 flaring AR patches (called HARPs), which were observed from 2010 to 2016 by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Specifically, the scaling exponent of fluctuations is derived applying the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) method to a dataset of 8-day time series of 18 pho…
Observational power spectra of the photospheric magnetic field turbulence, of the quiet-sun, were presented in a recent paper by Abramenko and Yurchyshyn. Here I focus on the power spectrum derived from the observations of the Near InfraRed Imaging Spectrapolarimeter (NIRIS) operating at the Goode Solar Telescope. The latter exhibits a transition from a power law with index $-1.2$ to a steeper power law with index $-2.2$, for smaller spatial scales. The present paper presents an interpretation of this change. Furthermore, this interpretation provides an estimate for the effective width of the …
Observations of the full lifetime of CBPs in data taken with the AIA on board SDO in four passbands, He II 304 A, Fe IX/X 171 A, Fe XII 193 A, and Fe XVIII 94 A are investigated for the occurrence of plasma ejections, micro-flaring, mini-filament eruptions and mini coronal mass ejections (mini-CMEs). First and foremost, our study shows that the majority (76%) of quiet Sun CBPs (31 out of 42 CBPs) produce at least one eruption during their lifetime. From 21 eruptions in 11 CBPs, 18 occur in average ~17 hrs after the CBP formation for an average lifetime of the CBPs in AIA 193 A of ~21 hrs. This…
It is well known that solar flares have broad impacts on the low atmosphere, but it is largely unknown how they affect sunspot waves and oscillations. It is also under debate as to whether the flare-induced photospheric changes are due to the momentum conservation with coronal mass ejections or due to magnetic reconnection. To shed light on the so-called "back reaction" of solar eruptions, we investigated how running penumbral waves (RPWs) at one foot of an erupting magnetic flux rope (MFR) responds to the rope buildup and subsequent erosion. During the rope-buildup stage, the western foot of …
The variation in area of quiet magnetic network measured over the sunspot cycle should modulate the spatially averaged photospheric temperature gradient, since temperature declines with optical depth more gradually in magnetic flux tube atmospheres. Yet, limb darkening measurements show no dependence upon activity level, even at an rms precision of 0.04%. We study the sensitivity of limb darkening to changes in area filling factor using a 3D MHD model of the magnetized photosphere. The limb darkening change expected from the measured 11 yr area variation lies below the level of measured limb d…
Element abundance ratios of magnesium to neon (Mg/Ne) and neon to oxygen (Ne/O) in the transition region of the quiet Sun have been derived by re-assessing previously published data from the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory in the light of new atomic data. The quiet Sun Mg/Ne ratio is important for assessing the effect of magnetic activity on the mechanism of the first ionization potential (FIP) effect, while the Ne/O ratio can be used to infer the solar photospheric abundance of neon, which can not be measured directly. The average Mg/Ne ratio is…
Time series of high resolution photospheric spectra in a quiet region of the Sun. II. Analysis of the variation of physical quantities of granular structures
We analyzed spectropolarimetric data from the Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope to investigate physical properties of small-scale magnetic cancellations in the quiet Sun photosphere. Specifically, we looked at the full Stokes polarization profiles along the Fe I 557.6 nm and of the Fe I 630.1 nm lines measured by CRisp Imaging SpectroPolarimeter (CRISP) to study temporal evolution of the line-of-sight (LOS) magnetic field during 42.5 minutes of quiet Sun evolution. From this magnetogram sequence, we visually identified 38 cancellation events. We then used Yet Another Feature Tracking Algorithm (…
We describe a new quiet-Sun phenomenon which we call "Quiet-Sun Ellerman-like Brightenings" (QSEB). QSEBs are similar to Ellerman bombs (EB) in some respects but differ significantly in others. EBs are transient brightenings of the wings of the Balmer H-alpha line that mark strong-field photospheric reconnection in complex active regions. QSEBs are similar but smaller and less intense Balmer-wing brightenings that occur in quiet areas away from active regions. In the H-alpha wing we measure typical lengths of less than 0.5 arcsec, widths of 0.21 arcsec, and lifetimes of less than a minute. We …
Photospheric downward plasma motions in the quiet-Sun
我们分析分光偏振数据采取与日之出航天器在安静的太阳区域在磁盘中心。扭曲的红移斯托克斯$V$配置文件被发现显示出的特性的演变，总是遵循相同的相位序列。我们研究了这些事件的统计特性，使用分光偏振数据从Hinode/SP。我们还研究了上层光球和低色球层使用Mg i b2和Ca ii h数据从Hinode。最后，我们应用SIRGAUSS反演码的偏振数据，以推断大气层结的物理参数。我们还得到了这些物理参数考虑到动力学项的运动方程。Stokes V剖面显示了一个以四个不同时间步长演变的凹凸，整个过程持续108秒。斯托克斯I显示出强烈弯曲的红色翼，连续信号在晶间通道内显示出亮点。这个亮点与Mg i b2线的强红移和Ca ii h图像中的明亮特征相关。从斯托克斯轮廓反演得到的模型比平均安静的太阳模型更热，垂直磁场配置和场强在KG值的范围内。它还提出了一个高斯扰动的LOS速度分层，其中心随着时间的推移，移动到更深的层。我们研究了一种特殊类型的事件，它可以被描述为热等离子体的等离子体团，它从光球的顶部向下移动，放置在颗粒间的通道上，并且总是与强磁场浓度有关。我们认为，这种等离子体团的起源可能是一个磁重联，是发生在色球层。
Bright small-scale magnetic elements found mainly in intergranular lanes at the solar surface are named bright points (BPs). They show high contrasts in Fraunhofer G-band observations and are described by nearly vertical slender flux tubes or sheets. A recent comparison between BP observations in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectral range recorded with the balloon-borne observatory SUNRISE and state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations revealed a kiloGauss magnetic field for 98% of the synthetic BPs. Here we address the opposite question, namely which fraction of pixels host…
Context. Investigations of the magnetism of the quiet Sun are hindered by extremely weak polarization signals in Fraunhofer spectral lines. Photon noise, straylight, and the systematically different sensitivity of the Zeeman effect to longitudinal and transversal magnetic fields result in controversial results in terms of the strength and angular distribution of the magnetic field vector. Aims. The information content of Stokes measurements close to the diffraction limit of the 1.5 m GREGOR telescope is analyzed. We took the effects of spatial straylight and photon noise into account. Methods.…
The quiet Sun exhibits a wealth of magnetic activities that are fundamental for our understanding of solar and astrophysical magnetism. The magnetic fields in the quiet Sun are observed to evolve coherently, interacting with each other to form distinguished structures as they are advected by the horizontal photospheric flows. We study coherent structures in photospheric flows in a region of quiet Sun consisted of supergranules. Supergranular turbulence is investigated by detecting hyperbolic and elliptic Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) using the horizontal velocity fields derived from Hin…
Aims. We aim to characterise the magnetism of a large fraction of the north polar region close to a maximum of activity, when the polar regions are reversing their dominant polarity. Methods. We make use of full spectropolarimetric data from the CRisp Imaging Spectro-Polarimeter installed at the Swedish Solar Telescope. The data consist of a photospheric spectral line, which is used to infer the various physical parameters of different quiet Sun regions by means of the solution of the radiative transfer equation. We focus our analysis on the properties found for the north polar region and thei…
Spatial distribution and statistical properties of small-scale convective vortex-like motions in a quiet Sun region
本文分析了位于拉帕尔马的瑞典1米太阳望远镜对宁静的太阳网间区域的高分辨率观测。我们通过计算时间序列图像上小尺度结构的水平自行来确定太阳光球区小尺度涡旋运动的位置。这些等离子体对流驱动的漩涡运动与以下两个方面有关：（1）下降气流（通常解释为对应于等离子体冷却并因此返回到可见光球层以下的内部的位置），以及（2）水平速度矢量收敛到中心点。下沉核被证明是被动浮子追踪等离子体流向每个漩涡中心的最终目的地。对于这里分析的两个时间序列，我们确定这些事件的发生分别为1.4 x 10^（-3）和1.6 x 10^（-3）涡旋Mm^（-2）min^（-1）。
Magnetic flux ropes are the centerpiece of solar eruptions. Direct measurements for the magnetic field of flux ropes are crucial for understanding the triggering and energy release processes, yet they remain heretofore elusive. Here we report microwave imaging spectroscopy observations of an M1.4-class solar flare that occurred on 2017 September 6, using data obtained by the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array. This flare event is associated with a partial eruption of a twisted filament observed in Hα by the Goode Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. The extreme ultraviolet (EUV) a…
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of a quiet-Sun region at a wavelength of 3 mm, obtained during the first solar ALMA cycle on April 27, 2017, and compare them with available chromospheric observations in the UV and visible as well as with photospheric magnetograms. ALMA images clearly reveal the presence of distinct particularly dark/cool areas in the millimeter maps having temperatures as low as 60% of the normal quiet Sun at 3 mm, which are not seen in the other data. We speculate that ALMA is sensing cool chromospheric gas, whose presence had earli…
We study the evolution of a mini-filament eruption in a quiet region at the center of the solar disk and its impact on the ambient atmosphere. We used high-spectral resolution imaging spectroscopy in H$α$ acquired by the echelle spectrograph of the Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT), Tenerife, Spain, photospheric magnetic field observations from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI), and UV/EUV imaging from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) of the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The H$α$ line profiles were noise-stripped using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and then inverted to produ…
We investigate the morphology and temporal variability of a quiet Sun network region in different solar layers. The emission in several EUV spectral lines through both raster and slot time series, recorded by EIS/Hinode is studied along with H$α$ observations and high resolution spectropolarimetric observations of the photospheric magnetic field. The photospheric magnetic field is extrapolated up to the corona showing a multitude of large and small scale structures. We show for the first time that the smallest magnetic structures both at the network and the internetwork contribute significantl…
We benchmark new atomic data against a selection of irradiances obtained from medium-resolution quiet Sun spectra in the EUV, from 60 to 1040 Å. We use as a baseline the irradiances measured during solar minimum on 2008 April 14 by the prototype (PEVE) of the Solar Dynamics Observatory Extreme ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE). We take into account some inconsistencies in the PEVE data, using flight EVE data and irradiances we obtained from Solar & Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer (CDS) data. We perform a differential emission measure and find overall exc…
The motion of faint propagating disturbances (PD) in the solar corona reveals an intricate structure which must be defined by the magnetic field. Applied to quiet Sun observations by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA)/Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), a novel method reveals a cellular network, with cells of typical diameters 50\arcsec\ in the cool 304Å channel, and 100\arcsec\ in the coronal 193Å channel. The 193Å cells can overlie several 304Å cells, although both channels share common source and sink regions. The sources are points, or narrow corridors, of divergence that occupy the cent…
Turbulent Diffusion in the Photosphere as Derived from Photospheric Bright Point Motion
根据大熊座太阳天文台新太阳望远镜（NST）对太阳颗粒的观测，探讨了太阳宁静区、冕洞和活动区斑中亮点的自行。我们自动检测和跟踪亮点（BP），并推导出它们的均方位移作为时间的函数（从每个BP的出现开始）为所有可用的时间间隔。在所有三种磁场环境中，我们都发现了超扩散机制的存在，这在10-300秒的时间间隔内最为明显。通过光谱指数$γ$（均方位移光谱的斜率）测量的超扩散从谱斑区（$γ=1.48$）到宁静太阳区（$γ=1.53$）再到冕洞（$γ=1.67$）增加。我们还发现，湍流扩散系数的变化与时间和空间尺度成正比。对于最小空间尺度（22 km）和最小时间尺度（10 sec），冕洞和宁静太阳区的$^{2}$ s $^{-1}$分别为22和19 km，而对于斑区，对于最小时间尺度15 sec，$^{2}$ s $^{-1}$约为12 km。我们应用我们的BP跟踪代码的三维MHD模型数据的太阳对流（Stein等。2007），并发现超扩散与$γ=1.45$。得到了湍流扩散系数随尺度和$γ$变化的表达式。
Magnetic reconnection in the quiet Sun is a phenomenon that is consistently observed, and it has recently become feasible to simulate via 3D numerical models of realistically stratified and convection-driven reconnection. We aim to illustrate ways by which quiet Sun fields may contribute to solar atmospheric heating via magnetic reconnection that is driven by convective motion. We also aim to compare our stratified model to earlier idealized coronal models in terms of reconnection drivers and topological conditions. We analyzed a simulation of the quiet Sun in which a complex coronal magnetic …
Context: Photospheric flows create a network of often mixed-polarity magnetic field in the quiet Sun, where small-scale eruptions and network flares are commonly seen. Aims: The aim of this paper is (1) to describe the characteristics of the flows that lead to these energy releases, (2) to quantify the energy build up due to photospheric flows acting on the magnetic field, and (3) to assess its contribution to the energy of small-scale, short-lived X-ray flares in the quiet Sun. Methods: We used photospheric and X-ray data from the SoHO and Hinode spacecraft combined with tracking algorithms t…
We investigate the origin of ten solar quiet region pre-jet minifilaments, using EUV images from SDO/AIA and magnetograms from SDO/HMI. We recently found panesar16b that quiet region coronal jets are driven by minifilament eruptions, where those eruptions result from flux cancelation at the magnetic neutral line under the minifilament. Here, we study the longer-term origin of the pre-jet minifilaments themselves. We find that they result from flux cancelation between minority-polarity and majority-polarity flux patches. In each of ten pre-jet regions, we find that opposite-polarity patches of …
Can We Distinguish the Source Region Location of Filament/Prominence Eruptions from the Sun-as-a-star H$α$ Spectrum?
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Science（中国科学院国家天文台）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学天文与空间科学学院）；Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院紫金山天文台暗物质与空间天文重点实验室）；School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学天文与空间科学学院）；National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家空间科学中心）
We use observations of quiet Sun (QS) regions in the H$α$ 6563 Å, Ca~{\sc ii} 8542 Å\, and Fe~{\sc i} 6302 Å lines. We observe brightenings in the wings of the H$α$ and Ca~{\sc ii} combined with observations of the interacting magnetic concentrations observed in the Stokes signals of Fe~{\sc i}. These brightenings are similar to Ellerman bombs (EBs), i.e. impulsive bursts in the wings of the Balmer lines which leave the line cores unaffected. Such enhancements suggest that these events have similar formation mechanisms to the classical EBs found in active regions, with the reduced intensity en…
Solar coronal jets have been observed in detail since the early 1990s. While it is clear that these jets are magnetically driven, the details of the driving process has recently been updated. Previously it was suspected that the jets were a consequence of magnetic flux emergence interacting with ambient coronal field. New evidence however indicates that often the direct driver of the jets is erupting field, often carrying cool material (a "minifilament"), that undergoes interchange magnetic reconnection with preexisting field ([1]). More recent work indicates that the trigger for eruption of t…
建立了一个分光偏振性质接近于太阳光球磁亮点的磁流体静力学模型。太阳辐射磁对流模拟的结果被用来产生的磁场的垂直分量的空间结构。利用自相似条件重构了磁场的水平分量，并将磁流体静力平衡条件应用于标准光球模型中，其中嵌入了磁场。部分电离过程被认为是必要的重建正确的温度结构的模型。得到的结构与观测数据符合得很好。结合磁场的实际结构和宁静太阳光球层的温度结构，可以找到均分层以上的连续谱形成能级，并给出了波通过这种磁场结构传播的初步结果。的观测结果的振荡检查在连续强度和Fe I 6302磁敏感线。
Context. Photospheric bright points (BPs), as the smallest magnetic element of the photosphere and the footpoint tracer of the magnetic flux tube, are of great significance to the study of BPs. Compared with the study of the characteristics and evolution of a few specific BPs, the study of BPs groups can provide us with a better understanding of the characteristics and overall activities of BPs groups. Aims. We aim to find out the evolution characteristics of the brightness and number of BPs groups at different brightness levels, and how these characteristics differ between quiet and active re…
We observe a coronal jet around 22:08 UT on 23 rd March of 2017, in a quiet region towards the north-east of the solar disk. A minifilament eruption leads to this jet. We analyze dynamics of the minifilament from its formation until its eruption. We observe that the minifilament starts forming around 15:50 UT. Then at a later time, it disappears but again appears and finally erupts as a blowout jet around 22:08 UT. We study the evolution of photospheric magnetic field beneath the minifilament. Initially, we observe subsequent increase and decrease of positive magnetic flux. Prior to the initia…
Before using 3D MHD simulations of the solar photosphere in the determination of elemental abundances, one has to ensure that the correct amount of magnetic flux is present in the simulations. The presence of magnetic flux modifies the thermal structure of the solar photosphere, which affects abundance determinations and the solar spectral irradiance. We compare the polarization signals in disk-center observations of the solar photosphere in quiet-Sun regions with those in Stokes spectra computed on the basis of 3D MHD simulations having average magnetic flux densities of about 20, 56, 112 and…
We propose a new ``helicity-pumping'' method for energizing coronal equilibria that contain a magnetic flux rope (MFR) toward an eruption. We achieve this in a sequence of magnetohydrodynamics relaxations of small line-tied pulses of magnetic helicity, each of which is simulated by a suitable rescaling of the current-carrying part of the field. The whole procedure is ``magnetogram-matching'' because it involves no changes to the normal component of the field at the photospheric boundary. The method is illustrated by applying it to an observed force-free configuration whose MFR is modeled with …
Photospheric horizontal magnetic field decrease preceding a major solar eruption
Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory (PEARL), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学大气科学学院行星环境与天体生物学研究实验室）；CAS center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology（中国科学院比较行星学卓越中心）；Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education（中山大学热带海洋-大气系统教育部重点实验室）
A quiet Sun magnetic flux cancelation event at the disk centre was recorded using the Integral Field Unit (IFU) mounted on the GREGOR Infrared Spectrograph (GRIS). GRIS sampled the event in the photospheric Si I 10827 Å spectral line. The cancelation is preceded by a significant rise in line core intensity and excitation temperature, which is inferred from Stokes inversions under local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The opposite polarity features seem to undergo reconnection above the photosphere. We also found that the border pixels neighboring the polarity inversion line of one of the pola…
We have observed a quiet Sun region with the Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope (SST) equipped with CRISP Imaging SpectroPolarimeter. High-resolution, high-cadence, H$α$ line scanning images were taken to observe different layers of the solar atmosphere from the photosphere to upper chromosphere. We study the distribution of power in different period-bands at different heights. Power maps of the upper photosphere and the lower chromosphere show suppressed power surrounding the magnetic-network elements, known as "magnetic shadows". These also show enhanced power close to the photosphere, traditio…
The background field is assumed to play prime role in the erupting structures like prominences. In the flux rope models, the critical decay index ($n_c$) is a measure of the rate at which background field intensity decreases with height over the flux rope or erupting structure. In the real observations, the critical height of the background field is unknown, so a typical value of $n_{c}=1.5$ is adopted from the numerical studies. In this study, we determined the $n_c$ of 10 prominence eruptions (PEs). The prominence height in 3D is derived from two-perspective observations of \textit{Solar Dyn…
Determining the Magnetization of the Quiet Sun Photosphere from the Hanle Effect and Surface Dynamo Simulations
安静的太阳光球的大部分被认为是显著磁化的，这是由于在亚分辨率尺度上普遍存在平均强度约<B>为100 G的缠结磁场。这一结论是通过详细的三维（3D）辐射转移模型的Hanle效应在Sr I 4607线，使用微湍流场近似，并假设的概率密度函数的磁场强度的形状是指数。在这里，我们放松这两个近似建模所观察到的散射极化的Hanle效应产生的磁场的三维光球模型产生的（国家的最先进的）磁对流模拟与表面发电机行动。我们发现，在Sr I 4607线中观察到的散射偏振振幅可以解释，只有在增强光球模型的磁场强度后，由一个相当大的比例因子，F=10，这意味着<B>= 130 G在上层光球。我们还认为，为了解释两个Hanle去极化的Sr I 4607线和塞曼信号中观察到的Fe I线，我们需要引入一个高度相关的比例因子，这样，随后<B>= 160 G在低光球和<B>= 130 G在上层光球。
