利用多线程模型模拟太阳耀斑辐射
Simulating Solar Flare Irradiance with Multithreaded Models of Flare Arcades
摘要：
了解能量如何在耀斑中释放是太阳和恒星天体物理学的核心问题之一。对高温耀斑等离子体的观测为这种能量释放的性质提供了许多潜在的线索。然而，很明显，耀斑并不是由几个脉冲加热的环组成的，而是许多小尺度线程随着时间的推移而被加热的结果，这使得很难详细比较观测和数值模拟。以前的一些研究表明，通过将耀斑视为一系列独立加热的环，可以重现观测到的发射的某些方面，但这些研究通常集中在小尺度特征上，而忽略了耀斑的全球特征。在本文中，我们开发了一个多线程模型，包括随时间变化的几何形状和加热速率的一系列连续加热的环路，包括一个拱廊。为了验证，我们与MinXSS CubeSat的五个耀斑的光谱观测以及GOES/XRS和SDO/AIA测量的光变曲线进行比较。我们表明，该模型可以成功地再现光变曲线和准周期脉动在GOES/XRS，软X射线光谱看到MinXSS，和光变曲线在各种AIA通带。AIA光变曲线与长时间加热最一致，但元素丰度不能受模型约束。最后，我们展示了如何使用这个模型来外推极端事件的光谱，可以预测辐照度在很宽的波长范围内，包括未观察到的波长。
英文摘要：
Understanding how energy is released in flares is one of the central problems of solar and stellar astrophysics. Observations of high temperature flare plasma hold many potential clues as to the nature of this energy release. It is clear, however, that flares are not composed of a few impulsively heated loops, but are the result of heating on many small-scale threads that are energized over time, making it difficult to compare observations and numerical simulations in detail. Several previous studies have shown that it is possible to reproduce some aspects of the observed emission by considering the flare as a sequence of independently heated loops, but these studies generally focus on small-scale features while ignoring the global features of the flare. In this paper, we develop a multithreaded model that encompasses the time-varying geometry and heating rate for a series of successively-heated loops comprising an arcade. To validate, we compare with spectral observations of five flares made with the MinXSS CubeSat as well as light curves measured with GOES/XRS and SDO/AIA. We show that this model can successfully reproduce the light curves and quasi-periodic pulsations in GOES/XRS, the soft X-ray spectra seen with MinXSS, and the light curves in various AIA passbands. The AIA light curves are most consistent with long duration heating, but elemental abundances cannot be constrained with the model. Finally, we show how this model can be used to extrapolate to spectra of extreme events that can predict irradiance across a wide wavelength range including unobserved wavelengths.
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