Unique Class Group Based Multi-Label Balancing Optimizer for Action Unit Detection
Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS（弗劳恩霍夫集成电路研究所）
Ines Rieger, Jaspar Pahl, Dominik Seuss
备注：
Accepted at the 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2020, Workshop "Affect Recognition in-the-wild: Uni/Multi-Modal Analysis & VA-AU-Expression Challenges". arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2002.03238
发表信息：
Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2020) 619-623
Balancing methods for single-label data cannot be applied to multi-label problems as they would also resample the samples with high occurrences. We propose to reformulate this problem as an optimization problem in order to balance multi-label data. We apply this balancing algorithm to training datasets for detecting isolated facial movements, so-called Action Units. Several Action Units can describe combined emotions or physical states such as pain. As datasets in this area are limited and mostly imbalanced, we show how optimized balancing and then augmentation can improve Action Unit detection. At the IEEE Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition 2020, we ranked third in the Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW) challenge for the Action Unit detection task.
Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS（弗劳恩霍夫集成电路研究所）
Isolated facial movements, so-called Action Units, can describe combined emotions or physical states such as pain. As datasets are limited and mostly imbalanced, we present an approach incorporating a multi-label class balancing algorithm. This submission is subject to the Action Unit detection task of the Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW) challenge at the IEEE Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition 2020.
Balancing Accuracy, Calibration, and Efficiency in Active Learning with Vision Transformers Under Label Noise
Department of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa（夏威夷大学马诺亚分校信息与计算机科学系）；Department of Computer Science, University of Pretoria（pretoria大学计算机科学系）
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica（数学与计算机科学研究所）；Leiden University（莱顿大学）；Eindhoven University of Technology（埃因霍温理工大学）
We present three parallel-beam tomographic datasets of 94 apples with internal defects along with defect label files. The datasets are prepared for development and testing of data-driven, learning-based image reconstruction, segmentation and post-processing methods. The three versions are a noiseless simulation; simulation with added Gaussian noise, and with scattering noise. The datasets are based on real 3D X-ray CT data and their subsequent volume reconstructions. The ground truth images, based on the volume reconstructions, are also available through this project. Apples contain various de…
Data imbalance is a ubiquitous problem in machine learning. In large scale collected and annotated datasets, data imbalance is either mitigated manually by undersampling frequent classes and oversampling rare classes, or planned for with imputation and augmentation techniques. In both cases balancing data requires labels. In other words, only annotated data can be balanced. Collecting fully annotated datasets is challenging, especially for large scale satellite systems such as the unlabeled NASA's 35 PB Earth Imagery dataset. Although the NASA Earth Imagery dataset is unlabeled, there are impl…
Fairness Without Labels: Pseudo-Balancing for Bias Mitigation in Face Gender Classification
National Institute of Informatics, Japan（日本信息机构国家研究所）；INESC-ID, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal（里斯本大学技术高等学院、INESC-ID，葡萄牙）；University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands（荷兰阿姆斯特丹大学）；LIMSI, CNRS / Université Paris-Saclay, France（法国CNRS/巴黎萨克雷大学LIMSI）
Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics（南京航空航天大学）；Chongqing University（重庆大学）
Deep neural networks usually perform poorly when the training dataset suffers from extreme class imbalance. Recent studies found that directly training with out-of-distribution data (i.e., open-set samples) in a semi-supervised manner would harm the generalization performance. In this work, we theoretically show that out-of-distribution data can still be leveraged to augment the minority classes from a Bayesian perspective. Based on this motivation, we propose a novel method called Open-sampling, which utilizes open-set noisy labels to re-balance the class priors of the training dataset. For e…
Deep learning has yielded extraordinary results in vision and natural language processing, but this achievement comes at a cost. Most models require enormous resources during training, both in terms of computation and in human labeling effort. We show that we can identify informative and diverse subsets of data that lead to deep learning models with similar performance as the ones trained with the original dataset. Prior methods have exploited diversity and uncertainty in submodular objective functions for choosing subsets. In addition to these measures, we show that balancing constraints on p…
Some Optimizers are More Equal: Understanding the Role of Optimizers in Group Fairness
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen’s University（皇后大学电气与计算机工程系）；Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学计算机科学与技术系）
Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University（京都大学信息学研究生院）；RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP)（理化学研究所先进智能项目中心）
Employing one or more additional classifiers to break the self-learning loop in tracing-by-detection has gained considerable attention. Most of such trackers merely utilize the redundancy to address the accumulating label error in the tracking loop, and suffer from high computational complexity as well as tracking challenges that may interrupt all classifiers (e.g. temporal occlusions). We propose the active co-tracking framework, in which the main classifier of the tracker labels samples of the video sequence, and only consults auxiliary classifier when it is uncertain. Based on the source of…
Tianjin University（天津大学）；Haihe Laboratory of Information Technology Application Innovation（海河实验室信息技术应用创新实验室）
Deep learning models suffer from catastrophic forgetting when learning new tasks incrementally. Incremental learning has been proposed to retain the knowledge of old classes while learning to identify new classes. A typical approach is to use a few exemplars to avoid forgetting old knowledge. In such a scenario, data imbalance between old and new classes is a key issue that leads to performance degradation of the model. Several strategies have been designed to rectify the bias towards the new classes due to data imbalance. However, they heavily rely on the assumptions of the bias relation betw…
Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are one of the most powerful generative models, but always require a large and balanced dataset to train. Traditional GANs are not applicable to generate minority-class images in a highly imbalanced dataset. Balancing GAN (BAGAN) is proposed to mitigate this problem, but it is unstable when images in different classes look similar, e.g. flowers and cells. In this work, we propose a supervised autoencoder with an intermediate embedding model to disperse the labeled latent vectors. With the improved autoencoder initialization, we also build an architecture …
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院自动化研究所）；School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学人工智能学院）；Tianjin University（天津大学）
Long-tailed problem has been an important topic in face recognition task. However, existing methods only concentrate on the long-tailed distribution of classes. Differently, we devote to the long-tailed domain distribution problem, which refers to the fact that a small number of domains frequently appear while other domains far less existing. The key challenge of the problem is that domain labels are too complicated (related to race, age, pose, illumination, etc.) and inaccessible in real applications. In this paper, we propose a novel Domain Balancing (DB) mechanism to handle this problem. Sp…
Domain Adaptive Object Detection via Balancing Between Self-Training and Adversarial Learning
Information Technology University of Punjab（旁遮普信息技术大学）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）；Karlsruhe Institute of Technology（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）
A Bio-Medical Snake Optimizer System Driven by Logarithmic Surviving Global Search for Optimizing Feature Selection and its application for Disorder Recognition
Middle East University（中东大学）；Al-Balqa Applied University（巴尔卡应用大学）；Helwan University（赫勒万大学）；Guru Nanak Dev University（古鲁纳纳克德夫大学）；University of Granada（格拉纳达大学）
In a typical multi-label setting, a picture contains on average few positive labels, and many negative ones. This positive-negative imbalance dominates the optimization process, and can lead to under-emphasizing gradients from positive labels during training, resulting in poor accuracy. In this paper, we introduce a novel asymmetric loss ("ASL"), which operates differently on positive and negative samples. The loss enables to dynamically down-weights and hard-thresholds easy negative samples, while also discarding possibly mislabeled samples. We demonstrate how ASL can balance the probabilitie…
Label distributions in camera-trap images are highly imbalanced and long-tailed, resulting in neural networks tending to be biased towards head-classes that appear frequently. Although long-tail learning has been extremely explored to address data imbalances, few studies have been conducted to consider camera-trap characteristics, such as multi-domain and multi-frame setup. Here, we propose a unified framework and introduce two datasets for long-tailed camera-trap recognition. We first design domain experts, where each expert learns to balance imperfect decision boundaries caused by data imbal…
Computer vision technology is being used by many but remains representative of only a few. People have reported misbehavior of computer vision models, including offensive prediction results and lower performance for underrepresented groups. Current computer vision models are typically developed using datasets consisting of manually annotated images or videos; the data and label distributions in these datasets are critical to the models' behavior. In this paper, we examine ImageNet, a large-scale ontology of images that has spurred the development of many modern computer vision methods. We cons…
Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）；Inria（法国国家信息与自动化研究所）；Univ Rennes（雷恩大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；IRISA（法国雷恩信息与自动化系统研究所）
Few-shot learning amounts to learning representations and acquiring knowledge such that novel tasks may be solved with both supervision and data being limited. Improved performance is possible by transductive inference, where the entire test set is available concurrently, and semi-supervised learning, where more unlabeled data is available. Focusing on these two settings, we introduce a new algorithm that leverages the manifold structure of the labeled and unlabeled data distribution to predict pseudo-labels, while balancing over classes and using the loss value distribution of a limited-capac…
Improving Multi-Label Contrastive Learning by Leveraging Label Distribution
College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai University（河海大学计算机与软件学院）；State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University（南京大学计算机软件新技术国家重点实验室）
Improving 3D Occupancy Prediction through Class-balancing Loss and Multi-scale Representation
National University of Singapore (NUS)（新加坡国立大学）；Desay SV Automotive Singapore Pte. Ltd.（德赛西威汽车新加坡私人有限公司）；Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)（新加坡科技设计大学）；Nanyang Technological University (NTU)（南洋理工大学）
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
We train a unified model to perform three tasks: facial action unit detection, expression classification, and valence-arousal estimation. We address two main challenges of learning the three tasks. First, most existing datasets are highly imbalanced. Second, most existing datasets do not contain labels for all three tasks. To tackle the first challenge, we apply data balancing techniques to experimental datasets. To tackle the second challenge, we propose an algorithm for the multitask model to learn from missing (incomplete) labels. This algorithm has two steps. We first train a teacher model…
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）
The divergence between labeled training data and unlabeled testing data is a significant challenge for recent deep learning models. Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) attempts to solve such a problem. Recent works show that self-training is a powerful approach to UDA. However, existing methods have difficulty in balancing scalability and performance. In this paper, we propose an instance adaptive self-training framework for UDA on the task of semantic segmentation. To effectively improve the quality of pseudo-labels, we develop a novel pseudo-label generation strategy with an instance adapti…
