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arXiv 2003.06371astro-ph.SR
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泡泡星云NGC 7635 --验证风吹泡泡理论

The Bubble Nebula NGC 7635 -- testing the wind-blown bubble theory

J. A. Toalá, M. A. Guerrero, H. Todt, L. Sabin, L. M. Oskinova, Y. -H. Chu, G. Ramos-Larios, V. M. A. Gómez-González

备注：
10 Figures, 1 Table; Accepted to MNRAS
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摘要：

我们提出了一个多波长的研究标志性的气泡星云（NGC 7635）和它的电离恒星BD $+$ 60 $^{\circ}$ 2522。我们获得了XMM-牛顿EPIC X射线观测，以寻找大质量恒星周围其他类似的风吹气泡中的扩展X射线发射。我们还获得了圣佩德罗Mártir光谱观测曼彻斯特Echelle光谱仪研究气泡星云的动力学。虽然我们的EPIC观测很深，但我们没有从这个风吹气泡中探测到扩展的X射线发射。另一方面，BD $+$ 60 $^{\circ}$ 2522是一个明亮的X射线源，类似于其他O型星。我们使用恒星大气代码PoWR对BD $+$ 60 $^{\circ}$ 2522进行了研究，发现这颗恒星是一颗年轻的O型恒星，其恒星风能够产生一个风吹气泡，原则上可以充满热气体。我们根据最近的数值模拟结果讨论了我们的发现，提出气泡星云是由于BD $+$ 60 $^{\circ}$ 2522通过介质的快速运动而形成的。我们的运动学研究表明，气泡星云是由一系列嵌套的外壳组成的，其中一些显示出类似水泡的结构，但几乎没有流体动力学不稳定性的特征，这些不稳定性会混合产生漫射X射线发射的材料，就像在其他风吹气泡中看到的那样。它的形态似乎仅仅是这些不同壳的投影效应的结果。

英文摘要：

We present a multiwavelength study of the iconic Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635) and its ionising star BD$+$60$^{\circ}$2522. We obtained XMM-Newton EPIC X-ray observations to search for extended X-ray emission as in other similar wind-blown bubbles around massive stars. We also obtained San Pedro Mártir spectroscopic observations with the Manchester Echelle Spectrometer to study the dynamics of the Bubble Nebula. Although our EPIC observations are deep, we do not detect extended X-ray emission from this wind-blown bubble. On the other hand, BD$+$60$^{\circ}$2522 is a bright X-ray source similar to other O stars. We used the stellar atmosphere code PoWR to characterise BD$+$60$^{\circ}$2522 and found that this star is a young O-type star with stellar wind capable of producing a wind-blown bubble that in principle could be filled with hot gas. We discussed our findings in line with recent numerical simulations proposing that the Bubble Nebula has been formed as the result of the fast motion of BD$+$60$^{\circ}$2522 through the medium. Our kinematic study shows that the Bubble Nebula is composed by a series of nested shells, some showing blister-like structures, but with little signatures of hydrodynamical instabilities that would mix the material producing diffuse X-ray emission as seen in other wind-blown bubbles. Its morphology seems to be merely the result of projection effects of these different shells.

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