A majority of the $γ$-ray emission from star-forming galaxies is generated by the interaction of high-energy cosmic rays with the interstellar gas and radiation fields. Star-forming galaxies are expected to contribute to both the extragalactic $γ$-ray background and the IceCube astrophysical neutrino flux. Using roughly 10\,years of $γ$-ray data taken by the {\it Fermi} Large Area Telescope, in this study we constrain the $γ$-ray properties of star-forming galaxies. We report the detection of 11 bona-fide $γ$-ray emitting galaxies and 2 candidates. Moreover, we show that the cumulative $γ$-ray emission of below-threshold galaxies is also significantly detected at $\sim$5\,$σ$ confidence. The $γ$-ray luminosity of resolved and unresolved galaxies is found to correlate with the total (8-1000\,$μ$m) infrared luminosity as previously determined. Above 1\,GeV, the spectral energy distribution of resolved and unresolved galaxies is found to be compatible with a power law with a photon index of $\approx2.2-2.3$.
Finally, we find that star-forming galaxies account for roughly 5\,\% and 3\,\% of the extragalactic $γ$-ray background and the IceCube neutrino flux, respectively.
We aim at characterizing the hot phase of the Circum-Galactic Medium in a large sample of galaxies. We stack X-ray events from the SRG/eROSITA eFEDS survey around central galaxies in the GAMA 9hr field to construct radially projected soft X-ray luminosity profiles as a function of their stellar mass and specific star formation rate. We consider samples of quiescent (star-forming) galaxies in the stellar mass range $2\times 10^{10}$ -- $10^{12}$ M$_\odot$ ($3\times 10^9$ -- $6\times10^{11}$ M$_\odot$). For quiescent galaxies, the X-ray profiles are clearly extended throughout the available mass…
The Evolution of the Fractions of Quiescent and Star-forming Galaxies as a Function of Stellar Mass Since z=3: Increasing Importance of Massive, Dusty Star-forming Galaxies in the Early Universe
利用UltraVISTA DR 1和3D-HST星表,我们构建了一个恒星质量完整的样本,其独特的组合调查的体积和深度,研究的分数的演化的静止星系,适度清晰的恒星形成的星系,尘埃恒星形成的星系作为一个函数的恒星质量在红移间隔$0.2 \le z \le 3.0$。我们发现,尘埃恒星形成星系的整体星系人口中的作用变得更加重要,随着恒星质量的增加,并迅速增长的红移。具体来说,尘埃恒星形成星系占主导地位的星系人口与$\log{(M_{\rm star}/M_{\odot})} \gtrsim 10.3$在$z\gtrsim2$。尘埃和非尘埃恒星形成星系的比例作为恒星质量的函数,随红移的变化很小。尘埃恒星形成星系在$\log{(M_{\rm star}/M_{\odot})} \gtrsim 10.0-10.5$的恒星形成种群中占主导地位,是$\sim$ 3-5的一个因子,而在$\log{(M_{\rm star}/M_{\odot})} \lesssim 10$中,清晰的恒星形成星系占主导地位。在$\log{(M_{\rm star}/M_{\odot})} > 10.5$,红色星系在所有红移$z<3$的星系群中占主导地位,这可能是因为它们处于静止状态(在晚期)或尘埃恒星形成(在早期宇宙)。
On the Last 10 Billion Years of Stellar Mass Growth in Star-Forming Galaxies
恒星形成率-恒星质量关系(SFR-M*)及其演化(即,SFR主序)描述了给定恒星质量和给定红移的星系的增长率。假设现在的恒星形成星系在过去总是恒星形成的,这些增长率观测可以被整合来计算平均恒星形成历史(SFH)。使用这种主序列积分(MSI)方法,我们可以追溯到现在的大质量恒星形成星系,当它们是当前恒星质量的10-20%时。在这些时期的整合是强大的:支持我们的计算的SFR数据是一致的恒星质量密度在这个政权的演变。这些SFH的分析近似。基于积分的结果重申了以前的建议,即目前的恒星形成星系形成几乎所有的恒星质量在z <2. It follows that massive galaxies observed at z>2不是典型的祖先恒星形成星系今天。我们还检查基于MSI的SFH对那些从化石记录的分析推断-从光谱能量分布(SED)的恒星形成星系在斯隆数字巡天,和色星等图(CMD)的矮不规则星系解决恒星。一旦考虑到恒星星族年龄的不确定性,主序列与基于SED的SFH(来自VESPA)非常一致。外推SFR主序星观测到矮星系,我们发现的ACS附近的星系巡天金库和本星系群星系的CMD分析的MSI结果和SFH之间的差异。解析出的矮星系似乎比主序列趋势所暗示的要慢得多,也比质量稍高的SED分析星系慢。这种差异可能标志着SFH测定的问题,但它也可能标志着在最低恒星质量下恒星形成趋势的转变。
We use a robust analytical model together with a high-resolution hydrodynamical cosmological simulation to demonstrate that in a $Λ$ cold dark matter ($Λ$CDM) universe, a small fraction of dwarf galaxies inhabiting dark matter (DM) halos in the mass range $3\times 10^{9} \lesssim M_{200} / M_{\odot} \lesssim 10^{10}$ form unusually late ($z<3$) compared to the bulk population of galaxies. These galaxies originate from the interplay between the stochastic growth of DM halos and the existence of a time-dependent DM halo mass below which galaxies do not form. The formation epoch of the simulated …
High Redshift Massive Quiescent Galaxies are as Flat as Star Forming Galaxies: The Flattening of Galaxies and the Correlation with Structural Properties in CANDELS/3D-HST
We compare the relations among various integrated characteristics of ~25,000 low-redshift (z<1.0) compact star-forming galaxies (CSFGs) from Data Release 16 (DR16) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and of high-redshift (z>1.5) star-forming galaxies (SFGs) with respect to oxygen abundances, stellar masses M*, far-UV absolute magnitudes M(FUV), star-formation rates SFR and specific star-formation rates sSFR, Lyman-continuum photon production efficiencies (xi_ion), UV continuum slopes β, [OIII]5007/[OII]3727 and [NeIII]3868/[OII]3727 ratios, and emission-line equivalent widths EW([OII]3727),…
We present a new model to compute the luminosity of emission lines in star forming galaxies and apply this in the semi-analytical galaxy formation code GALFORM. The model combines a pre-computed grid of HII region models with an empirical determination of how the properties of HII regions depend on the macroscopic properties of galaxies based on observations of local galaxies. The new model gives a very good reproduction of the locus of star-forming galaxies on standard line ratio diagnostic diagrams. The new model shows evolution in the locus of star forming galaxies with redshift on this lin…
The general consensus is that LTGs undergo intense star-formation activity, while ETGs are mostly inactive. We question this general rule and investigate the existence of star-forming ETGs and quiescent LTGs in the local Universe. By computing the physical properties of 2,209 such galaxies in the GAMA survey being morphologically classified and using information on their structural properties as well as the density of their local environment, we seek for understanding the differences from their 'typical' counterparts. We separate galaxies into subsets based on their dominant ionising process, …
Star-forming Clumps in Local Luminous Infrared Galaxies
我们提出了$HST$窄带近红外成像的Pa $α$和Pa $β$发射的48个本地发光红外星系(LIRGs)从大天文台全天LIRG巡天(GOALS)。这些数据使我们能够测量810个空间分辨的恒星形成区域(59个核和751个核外团块)的特性,并将它们的特性与本地和高红移恒星形成星系中的特性进行直接比较。我们发现,在LIRGs中,恒星形成团块的半径范围从$\sim90-900$ pc和恒星形成率(SFR)的$\sim1\times10^{-3}$到10 M $_\odot$ yr $^{-1}$,与核外团块的中值为170 pc和0.03 M $_\odot$ yr $^{-1}$。发现的恒星形成团块是年轻的,恒星年龄中位数为$8.7$ Myrs,恒星质量中位数为$5\times10^{5}$ M $_\odot$。SFR的范围从正常的本地恒星形成星系到$\rm{z}=1-3$的高红移恒星形成星系。LIRG星系团的光度函数比低光度的恒星形成星系有一个更平坦的斜率,这表明发光的恒星形成星系团相对过剩。为了预测恒星形成历史和气体分数的可能范围,我们将恒星形成团块与MassiveFIRE高分辨率宇宙学模拟中测量的团块进行了比较。MassiveFIRE中的恒星形成团块覆盖了与当地LIRG相同的SFR和尺寸范围,并且具有从10%到90%的总气体分数。如果本地LIRGs类似于这些模拟星系,我们预计未来的…
The ratio of $α$-elements to iron in galaxies holds valuable information about the star formation history since their enrichment occurs on different timescales. The fossil record of stars in galaxies has mostly been excavated for passive galaxies, since the light of star-forming galaxies is dominated by young stars which have much weaker atmospheric absorption features. Here we use the largest reference cosmological simulation of the EAGLE project to investigate the origin of variations in stellar $α$-enhancement among star-forming galaxies at $z=0$, and their impact on integrated spectra. The…
We present the first direct spectroscopic measurement of the stellar velocity dispersion function (VDF) for massive quiescent and star-forming galaxies at $0.6 < z \leq 1.0$. For this analysis we use individual measurements of stellar velocity dispersion from high-S/N spectra from the public Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census (LEGA-C) survey. We report a remarkable stability of the VDF for both quiescent and star-forming galaxies within this redshift range, though we note the presence of weak evolution in the number densities of star-forming galaxies. We compare both VDFs with previous dir…
We conducted sub-millimeter observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) of star-forming galaxies at $z\sim3.3$, whose gas-phase metallicities have been previously measured. We investigate the dust and gas contents of the galaxies at $z\sim3.3$ and study how galaxies are interacting with their circumgalactic/intergalactic medium at this epoch by probing their gas mass fractions and gas-phase metallicities. Single-band dust continuum emission tracing dust mass and the relation between the gas-phase metallicity and gas-to-dust mass ratio are used to estimate the gas…
Spectral energy distribution (SED) models of galaxies at $0.3\leq z \leq 2.5$ were constructed to be processed by the Euclid spectroscopic channel simulator in order to investigate the \Euclid Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) capabilities. We developed a solid methodology to build a realistic and representative synthetic SED library of star-forming galaxies, including reliable emission line fluxes and widths. The construction of the SEDs consists in computing the continuum using the Bruzual \& Charlot (2003) models, calling out SED fitting parameters available in publicly relea…