高功率真空管微波源综述
Review of the high-power vacuum tube microwave sources
AI总结：
本文按三种辐射原理综述高功率真空管微波源，介绍了不同器件的功率、工作频段、运行模式等性能，明确其仍是多领域高功率应用的主流微波源。
摘要：
自德国的威廉·伦琴发明首支真空管（X射线管）以来，历经百余年发展，真空管微波源的平均功率密度已达到10⁸ [MW][GHz]²量级，最高功率密度纪录由Free Electron Lasers（自由电子激光器）创造。在高功率微波领域，真空管器件仍是科学仪器、通信、雷达、磁约束聚变加热、微波武器等应用的主流微波源。真空管微波源产生微波的原理包括切伦科夫或史密斯-珀塞尔辐射、渡越辐射以及轫致辐射。本文按照这三种辐射原理对真空管微波源依次进行了综述。其中，Vircators（虚阴极振荡器）可在P波段（0.23-1GHz）产生22GW的输出功率；可实现连续波工作的真空管包括Traveling Wave Tubes（行波管）、Klystrons（速调管）、Free Electron Lasers（自由电子激光器）和Magnetrons（磁控管），输出功率最高可达1MW；可产生100GHz及以上量级频率的真空管包括Klystrons（速调管）、Traveling Wave Tubes（行波管）、Gyrotrons（回旋管）、Backward Wave Oscillators（返波振荡器）、Magnetrons（磁控管）、Surface Wave Oscillators（表面波振荡器）、Free Electron Lasers（自由电子激光器）、Orotrons（奥罗管）等。Gyrotrons（回旋管）在毫米波和太赫兹领域极具吸引力，可在毫米波段输出MW级功率，脉冲宽度达3000秒。
英文摘要：
Since the first vacuum tube (X-ray tube) was invented by Wilhelm Röntgen in Germany, after more than one hundred years of development, the average power density of the vacuum tube microwave source has reached the order of 108 [MW][GHz]2. The maximum power density record was created by the Free Electron Lasers. In the high-power microwave field, the vacuum devices are still the mainstream microwave sources for applications such as scientific instruments, communications, radars, magnetic confinement fusion heating, microwave weapons, etc. The principles of microwave generation by vacuum tube microwave sources include Cherenkov or Smith-Purcell radiation, transition radiation, and Bremsstrahlung. In this paper, the vacuum tube microwave sources were reviewed in order according to the three radiation principles. Among them, the Vircators can produce 22 GW output power in P-band (0.23-1GHz). Vacuum tubes that can achieve continuous-wave operation include Traveling Wave Tubes, Klystrons, Free Electron Lasers, and Magnetrons, with output power up to 1MW. Vacuum tubes that can generate frequencies of the order of 100 GHz and above include Klystrons, Traveling Wave Tubes, Gyrotrons, Backward Wave Oscillators, Magnetrons, Surface Wave Oscillators, Free Electron Lasers, Orotrons, etc. Gyrotrons are very attractive in the millimeter wave and THz fields. The Gyrotrons can output power at the MW level with 3000s pulse width at millimeter wavelengths.
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