Sebastian White, Arjan Heering
In this paper we illustrate techniques for digitized waveform signal processing of fast timing detectors. In the example discussed here, timing analysis of SiPM signals in the presence of high Dark Count Rates, a large data set of digitized waveforms is used to develop an optimal strategy relevant to the electronics front end design.
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The prospect of pileup induced backgrounds at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) has stimulated intense interest in technology for charged particle timing at high rates\cite{challenge}. In this paper I report on a framework for fast timing sensor and related electronics development used primarily within the context of PICOSEC. Our collaboration accumulated a large ($\sim$fewTbyte) set of waveforms from timing sensors based on MicroChannel Plates(MCP), MicroPattern Gas Detectors(MPGD) and capacitive readout Avalanche Diodes (aka HFS) with typically 20-40 GSa/s waveform sampling. We have reported …
Long-term stability-degradation analysis of DUNE SiPMs in Liquid Nitrogen
本研究开发了低温光子读出系统，在液氮中监测DUNE SiPM阵列超过三个月，通过弱电容耦合读出光电子信号，发现部分参数存在~1σ波动，但过电压4V或5V下漂移未增强，然而所有通道观察到可辨别的PDE下降。
High-time-resolution counters based on plastic scintillator with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout have been developed for applications to high energy physics experiments for which relatively large-sized counters are required. We have studied counter sizes up to $120\times40\times5$ mm^3 with series connection of multiple SiPMs to increase the sensitive area and thus achieve better time resolution. A readout scheme with analog shaping and digital waveform analysis is optimized to achieve the highest time resolution. The timing performance is measured using electrons from a Sr-90 radioacti…
A Unified Analytical Framework for LYSO-SiPM Scintillation Pulse Dynamics
该研究提出 LYSO-SiPM 闪烁探测器的统一分析框架，关联各过程并经实验验证，能预测波形与计时极限，加深对探测器响应的物理理解。
A waveform and time digitization mainboard prototype for the hybrid digital optical module of TRIDENT neutrino experiment
针对TRIDENT中微子实验的混合数字光学模块需求，设计定制数字化主板原型，实现多通道波形同步采样与高精度时间测量，达到优异的单光电子探测性能与亚纳秒计时分辨率。
Cosmic Muon Explorer: A Portable Detector for Cosmic Muon Flux Measurements and Outreach
宇宙μ子探测器是一种便携式设备，用于测量宇宙μ子通量并支持科普活动，采用塑料闪烁体、光纤和SiPMs，具备低功耗和高灵活性。
The Data Acquisition System for the KOTO Experiment
本研究为日本J-PARC的KOTO稀有K介子衰变观测实验，开发了基于波形数字化与流水线读出的新型数据获取系统，含4000路14位125-MHz ADC通道与8纳秒级触发，2013年首次物理运行稳定。
Real-Time FPGA-Based SiPM Detector Emulation Using a Temporally Quantized Model
提出一种基于FPGA的实时探测器仿真器，通过时间量化和硬件信号整形，将SimSiPM的微观仿真转化为物理可实现的模拟信号，实现高吞吐、低延迟的硬件在环测试。
Label-free timing analysis of SiPM-based modularized detectors with physics-constrained deep learning
本文提出一种带物理正则化的无标签深度学习定时方法，利用内在时间相关性训练并校准模型，在 SiPM 玩具实验和电磁量能器实验中验证了高精度与鲁棒性。
A deconvolution based signal reconstruction capable of piled-up pulse separation
本研究针对高计数率闪烁探测器的堆积脉冲问题，提出基于反卷积的高效重建算法，结合定点迭代提取脉冲响应并重建脉冲参数，算法通用性强可拓展至多领域。
Design of an 8-Channel 40 GS/s 20 mW/Ch Waveform Sampling ASIC in 65 nm CMOS
本文介绍PSEC5，一款65 nm CMOS工艺的8通道40 GS/s波形采样ASIC，通过快速与慢速SCA结合，实现每通道20 mW功耗下1 ps时间分辨率，并支持多次触发与10位数字化。
A high-precision charge measurement can be achieved by the area integration of a digitized quasi-Gaussian signal after the signal passes through the shaper and analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The charge measurement contains an error due to the uncertainty of the first sampled point of a signal waveform. To reduce the error, we employ a time-to-digital converter (TDC) to measure the uncertainty precisely, and we design correction algorithms to improve the resolution of the charge measurement. This work includes analysis and simulations of the proposed algorithms and implementation of them in…
The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) is an advanced neutrino detector technology widely used in recent and upcoming accelerator neutrino experiments. It features a low energy threshold and high spatial resolution that allow for comprehensive reconstruction of event topologies. In current-generation LArTPCs, the recorded data consist of digitized waveforms on wires produced by induced signal on wires of drifting ionization electrons, which can also be viewed as two-dimensional (2D) (time versus wire) projection images of charged-particle trajectories. For such an imaging detector, …
Signal digitizers revolutionized the approach to the electronics readout of radiation detectors in Nuclear Physics. These highly specialized pieces of equipment are designed to acquire the signals that are characteristic of the detectors in nuclear physics experiments. The functions of the several modules that were once needed for signal acquisition, can now be substituted by a single digitizer. As suggested by the name, with such readout modules, signals are first digitized (i.e. the signal waveform is sampled and converted to a digital representation) and then either stored or analyzed on-th…
GRAPH -- An readout ASIC for large MCP based detectors
本研究提出一款名为GRAPH的16通道低功耗读出ASIC，用于大型MCP基单光子成像探测器，采用新型HULA混合采样架构和感兴趣区域读取算法，实现宽范围可调采样、低死时间读出，每通道功耗约47mW。
The single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) provides a large amount of detailed information in the form of fine-grained drifted ionization charge from particle traces. To fully utilize this information, the deposited charge must be accurately extracted from the raw digitized waveforms via a robust signal processing chain. Enabled by the ultra-low noise levels associated with cryogenic electronics in the MicroBooNE detector, the precise extraction of ionization charge from the induction wire planes in a single-phase LArTPC is qualitatively demonstrated on MicroBooNE data with…
The MicroBooNE experiment is designed to observe interactions of neutrinos with a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detector from the on-axis Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and off-axis Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The detector consists of a $2.5~m\times 2.3~m\times 10.4~m$ TPC including an array of 32 PMTs used for triggering and timing purposes. The TPC is housed in an evacuable and foam insulated cryostat vessel. It has a 2.5 m drift length in a uniform field up to 500 V/cm. There are 3 readout wire planes (U, V and Y co-ordin…
We describe the concept and procedure of drifted-charge extraction developed in the MicroBooNE experiment, a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). This technique converts the raw digitized TPC waveform to the number of ionization electrons passing through a wire plane at a given time. A robust recovery of the number of ionization electrons from both induction and collection anode wire planes will augment the 3D reconstruction, and is particularly important for tomographic reconstruction algorithms. A number of building blocks of the overall procedure are described. The pe…
The Data Acquisition System of the LZ Dark Matter Detector: FADR
本文介绍LZ暗物质探测器的FADR数据采集系统，该系统基于Kintex-7 FPGA，可对745个PMT信号采样、实时筛选事例并并行监测性能，同时阐述了其软硬件与性能测量情况。
The DarkSide-50 experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso is a search for dark matter using a dual phase time projection chamber with 50 kg of low radioactivity argon as target. Light signals from interactions in the argon are detected by a system of 38 photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs), 19 above and 19 below the TPC volume inside the argon cryostat. We describe the electronics which processes the signals from the photo-multipliers, the trigger system which identifies events of interest, and the data-acquisition system which records the data for further analysis. The electronics includ…
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