任何级别都不安全：NHTSA的自动化水平是自动驾驶汽车设计和监管的一个责任
Unsafe At Any Level: NHTSA's levels of automation are a liability for autonomous vehicle design and regulation
摘要：
38岁的沃尔特·黄（Walter Huang）是苹果公司（Apple Inc.）2018年3月23日，他的特斯拉Model X在加州山景城撞上高速公路护栏后死亡。特斯拉立即否认对事故负责。“道德和法律责任的基本前提是一个破碎的承诺，这里没有：[黄先生]很清楚Autopilot并不完美，发生这起事故的唯一原因是黄先生没有注意道路，尽管汽车提供了多次警告。“这是特斯拉和优步的标准回应，这两家制造商的自动驾驶汽车涉及到迄今为止的六起致命事故：自动驾驶汽车并不完美，司机知道它并不完美，如果司机一直注意并注意车辆的警告，事故就永远不会发生。然而，当研究人员专注于航空和军事行动中的人机交互时，我们不禁想知道是否真的没有违背承诺，也没有法律责任。科学在确定法律责任方面发挥着关键作用，法院适当地依靠科学家和工程师来确定事故或伤害是否可预见。具体而言，如果在事故发生时，科学家知道事故与设计者未采取的预防措施之间存在系统性关系，则设计者可能会被认定负有责任。近70年的研究提供了一个不可否认的答案：将一切都自动化，剩下的交给人类是不够的，不合适的，也是危险的。自动驾驶汽车的设计与现在发生的事故类型之间存在系统性关系，并且在未来将不可避免地继续发生。这些事故并非不可预见，司机也不应受到唯一的指责。
英文摘要：
Walter Huang, a 38-year-old Apple Inc. engineer, died on March 23, 2018, after his Tesla Model X crashed into a highway barrier in Mountain View, California. Tesla immediately disavowed responsibility for the accident. "The fundamental premise of both moral and legal liability is a broken promise, and there was none here: [Mr. Huang] was well aware that the Autopilot was not perfect [and the] only way for this accident to have occurred is if Mr. Huang was not paying attention to the road, despite the car providing multiple warnings to do so." This is the standard response from Tesla and Uber, the manufacturers of the automated vehicles involved in the six fatal accidents to date: the automated vehicle isn't perfect, the driver knew it wasn't perfect, and if only the driver had been paying attention and heeded the vehicle's warnings, the accident would never have occurred. However, as researchers focused on human-automation interaction in aviation and military operations, we cannot help but wonder if there really are no broken promises and no legal liabilities. Science has a critical role in determining legal liability, and courts appropriately rely on scientists and engineers to determine whether an accident, or harm, was foreseeable. Specifically, a designer could be found liable if, at the time of the accident, scientists knew there was a systematic relationship between the accident and the designer's untaken precaution. Nearly 70 years of research provides an undeniable answer: It is insufficient, inappropriate, and dangerous to automate everything you can and leave the rest to the human. There is a systematic relationship between the design of automated vehicles and the types of accidents that are occurring now and will inevitably continue to occur in the future. These accidents were not unforeseeable and the drivers were not exclusively to blame.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
