Image transmission through multimode optical fibers has been an area of immense interests driven by the demand for miniature endoscopes in biomedicine and higher speed and capacity in telecommunications. Conventionally, a complex-valued transmission matrix is obtained experimentally to link the input and output light fields of a multimode fiber for image retrieval, which complicates the experimental setup and increases the computational complexity. Here, we report a simple and high-speed method for image retrieval based on our discovery of a pseudo-linearity between the input and output light intensity distributions of multimode fibers. We studied the impact of several key parameters to image retrieval, including image pixel count, fiber core diameter and numerical aperture. We further demonstrated that a wide variety of input binary images could be faithfully retrieved from measured output speckle patterns using this method, promising to be useful for highly miniaturized endoscopy in biomedicine and spatial-mode-division multiplexing in telecommunications.
In this letter, we present a genetic algorithm-based approach for image retrieval through a multimode fiber in a reference-less system. Due to mode interference, when an image is illuminated at one side of a multimode fiber, the transmitted light forms a noise-like speckle pattern at the other end. With the use of a prior-measured transmission matrix of the fiber, a speckle pattern is calculated using a random input mask. By optimizing the input mask to achieve a high correlation coefficient of experimental and calculated patterns, the input mask is optimized into an image with high similarity…
Confocal and multiphoton microscopy are effective techniques to obtain high-contrast images of 2-D sections within bulk tissue. However, scattering limits their application to depths only up to ~1 millimeter. Multimode fibers make excellent ultrathin endoscopes that can penetrate deep inside the tissue with minimal damage. Here, we present Multiview Scattering Scanning Imaging Confocal (MUSSIC) Microscopy that enables high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) imaging through a multimode fiber, hence combining the optical sectioning and resolution gain of confocal microscopy with the minimally invasive …
Multimode fibres offer the advantages of high resolution and miniaturization over single mode fibers in the field of optical imaging. However, multimode fibre's imaging is susceptible to perturbations of MMF that can lead to secondary spatial distortions in the transmitted image. Perturbations include random disturbances in the fiber as well as environmental noise. Here, we exploit the fast focusing capability of the Cake-Cutting Hadamard coding algorithm to counteract the effects of perturbations and improve the system's robustness. Simulation shows that it can approach the theoretical enhanc…
When multimode optical fibers are perturbed, the data that is transmitted through them is scrambled. This presents a major difficulty for many possible applications, such as multimode fiber-based telecommunication and endoscopy. To overcome this challenge, a deep learning approach that generalizes over mechanical perturbations is presented. Using this approach, successful reconstruction of the input images from intensity-only measurements of speckle patterns at the output of a 1.5 meter-long randomly perturbed multimode fiber is demonstrated. The model's success is explained by hidden correlat…
We propose an operating principle to achieve broadband and highly tunable mode conversion and amplification exploiting inter-modal four wave mixing in a multimode fiber. A bandwidth of 30 nanometers is demonstrated by properly designing a simple step-index silica fiber.
We demonstrate an all-fiber spatiotemporal mode-locked laser based on graded-index multimode fiber. Due to the high damage threshold of graded-index multimode fiber devices, the output single-pulse energy reach up to 11.67 nJ. The beam quality at mode-locked state is significantly improved compared with continuous wave state as a result of the self-cleaning effect. By amplifying the pulse in the multimode fiber amplifier, high power pulses with high beam quality can be obtained in the all-fiber system based on graded-index MMFs.
Experimental and numerical studies of spatiotemporal femtosecond soliton propagation over up to 1 km spans of parabolic graded-index (GRIN) fibers reveal that initial multimode soliton pulses naturally and irreversibly evolve into a singlemode soliton. This is carried by the fundamental mode of the fiber, which acts as a dynamical attractor of the multimode system for up to the record value (for multimode fibers) of 5600 chromatic dispersion distances. This experimental evidence invalidates the use of variational approaches, which intrinsically require that the initial multimode propagation of…
This letter is to pave the way towards the demonstration of spatiotemporal similariton pulses evolution in passive multimode fibers with Raman amplification. We present numerically these issues in a graded-index and step-index multimode fibers and provide a first look at the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of similariton pulses. The results showed that the similariton pulses can be generated in both multimode fibers. The temporal and the spectral evolution of the pulses can be characterized as parabolic shapes with linear chirp and kW peak power. By compressed these, high energy femtoseconds p…
Blue-enhanced, broadband supercontinuum generation in a 50 um core fluorine-doped graded-index multimode fiber is demonstrated by pumping with a 1064 nm picosecond source. Multi-octave supercontinuum spectrum extending from ~400 nm to 2,400 nm is achieved in a relatively short fiber. The measured spectrum and multimode nonlinear properties are compared to those of a germanium-doped graded-index multimode fiber. It is shown that engineering the glass composition and thus its chromatic dispersion and absorption characteristics, provides a novel and effective approach to further controlling the n…
We demonstrate the rotational memory effect in a multimode fiber. Rotating the incident wavefront around the fiber core axis leads to a rotation of the resulting pattern of the fiber output without significant changes in the resulting speckle pattern. The rotational memory effect can be exploited for non-invasive imaging or ultrafast high-resolution scanning through a multimode fiber. Our experiments demonstrate this effect over a full range of angles in two experimental configurations.
We shape fs optical pulses and deliver them in a single spatial mode to the input of a multimode fiber. The pulse is shaped in time such that at the output of the multimode fiber an ultrashort pulse appears at a predefined focus. Our result shows how to raster scan an ultrashort pulse at the output of a stiff piece of square-core step-index multimode fiber and in this way the potential for making a nonlinear fluorescent image of the scene behind the fiber, while the connection to the multimode fiber can be established via a thin and flexible single-mode fiber. The experimental results match ou…
We report an improved scheme for the measurement of the transmission matrix of multimode waveguides in which the reference field co-propagates with the signal wave. The performance of the technique is demonstrated with the measurement of a 1.6 m long multimode optical fiber guiding 104 LP modes at 1064nm. The transmission matrix permitted efficient focusing of the light delivered at the fiber exit as well as shaping in the fiber transmission channels.
We proposed the method of the optical fiber modal decomposition of the radiation propagating in a multimode optical fiber with a step like refractive index profile. The field distribution at the output end of the fiber was used. The method is based on the field decomposition by non-orthogonal modes. The full complex expansion coefficients of the light field were calculated for theoretical data.
Building on the scientific understanding and technological infrastructure of single-mode fibers, multimode fibers are being explored as a means of adding new degrees of freedom to optical technologies such as telecommunications, fiber lasers, imaging, and measurement. Here, starting from a baseline of single-mode nonlinear fiber optics, we introduce the growing topic of multimode nonlinear fiber optics. We demonstrate a new numerical solution method for the system of equations that describes nonlinear multimode propagation, the generalized multimode nonlinear Schrodinger equation. This numeric…
We experimentally isolate and directly observe multimode solitons in few-mode graded-index fiber. By varying the input energy and modal composition of the launched pulse, we observe a continuous variation of multimode solitons with different spatiotemporal properties. They exhibit an energy-volume relation that is distinct from those of single-mode and fully spatiotemporal solitons.
Characterizing ultrashort optical pulses has always been a critical but difficult task, which has a broad range of applications. We propose and demonstrate a self-referenced method of characterizing ultrafast pulses with a multimode fiber. The linear and nonlinear speckle patterns formed at the distal end of a multimode fiber are used to recover the spectral amplitude and phase of an unknown pulse. We deploy a deep learning algorithm for phase recovery. The diversity of spatial and spectral modes in a multimode fiber removes any ambiguity in the sign of the recovered spectral phase. Our techni…
We investigate the point spread function of a multimode fiber. The distortion of the focal spot created on the fiber output facet is studied for a variety of the parameters. We develop a theoretical model of wavefront shaping through a multimode fiber and use it to confirm our experimental results and analyze the nature of the focal distortions. We show that aberration-free imaging with a large field of view can be achieved by using an appropriate number of segments on the spatial light modulator during the wavefront-shaping procedure. The results describe aberration limits for imaging with mu…
We study the coherence characteristics of light propagating in nonlinear graded-index multimode fibers after attaining optical thermal equilibrium conditions. The role of optical temperature on the spatial mutual coherence function and the associated correlation area is systematically investigated. In this respect, we show that the coherence properties of the field at the output of a multimode nonlinear fiber can be controlled through its optical thermodynamic properties.
Graded-index multimode fibers can handle high average powers and feature unique nonlinear dynamics due to spatio-temporal evolution of the light inside. We report on generation of octave-spanning spectrally flat supercontinua in graded-index multimode fibers using a compact, ytterbium-doped all-fiber laser system. Supercontinua with output powers as high as $\sim$4 W and 2 MHz repetition rate obtained with more than 1 $μ$m spectral bandwidth. Evolution of supercontinuum is investigated by studying the effect of launch power, repetition rate, fiber length and core size. Numerical simulations ar…
We present a detailed study of photon-pair generation in a multimode optical fiber via nonlinear four-wave mixing and intermodal phase-matching. We show that in multimode optical fibers, it is possible to generate correlated photon pairs in different fiber modes with large spectral shifts from the pump wavelength, such that the photon pairs are immune to contamination from spontaneous Raman scattering and residual pump photons. We also show that it is possible to generate factorable two-photon states exhibiting minimal spectral correlations between the photon pair components in conventional mu…
In the past few years, there is a renewed interest in using multimode fibers for a wide range of technologies such as communication, imaging and spectroscopy. Practical implementations of multimode fiber in such applications, however, are held back, due to the challenges in dealing with modal dispersion, mode coupling and the fiber's sensitivity to mechanical perturbations. Here, we utilize these features of multimode fibers to generate all-fiber reconfigurable spectral filters. By applying computer-controlled mechanical deformations to the fiber, along with an optimization algorithm, we manip…
We present a novel design that exploits the focusing properties of scattering media to increase the resolution and the working distance of multimode fiber based imaging devices. Placing a highly scattering medium in front of the distal tip of the multimode fiber enables the formation of smaller sized foci at increased working distances away from the fiber tip. We perform a parametric study of the effect of the working distance and the separation between the fiber and the scattering medium on the focus size. We experimentally demonstrate submicron focused spots as far away as 800μm with 532nm l…
In this work, we unveil the unique complex dynamics of multimode soliton interactions in graded-index optical fibers through simulations and experiments. By generating two multimode solitons from the fission of an input femtosecond pulse, we examine the evolution of their Raman-induced red-shift when the input pulse energy grows larger. Remarkably, we find that the output red-shift of the trailing multimode soliton may be reduced, so that it accelerates until it collides with the leading multimode soliton. As a result of the inelastic collision, a significant energy transfer occurs between the…
We use Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to classify and reconstruct a large database of handwritten digits from the intensity of the speckle patterns that result after the images propagated through multimode fibers (MMF). Images transmitted through fibers with up to 1km length were recovered. The ability of the network to recognize the input degraded with fiber length but the performance could be enhanced if the neural networks were trained to first reconstruct the image and then classify it rather than classify it directly from the speckle intensity.
We experimentally study polarization dynamics of Kerr beam self-cleaning in a graded-index multimode optical fiber. We show that spatial beam cleaning is accompanied by nonlinear polarization rotation, and a substantial increase of the degree of linear polarization.
A detailed investigation of the nonlinear multimodal interference in a short graded-index multimode optical fiber is presented. The analysis is performed for a specific device geometry, where the light is coupled in and out of the multimode fiber via single-mode fibers. The same device geometry was recently used to obtain ultra-low-loss coupling between two single-mode optical fibers with very different mode-field diameters. Our results indicate the potential application of this simple geometry for nonlinear devices, such as in nonlinear switching, optical signal processing, or as saturable ab…
This paper starts by an investigation of nonlinear transmission in space-division multiplexed (SDM) systems using multimode fibers exhibiting a rapidly varying birefringence. A primary objective is to generalize the Manakov equations, well known in the case of single-mode fibers. We first investigate a reference case where linear coupling among the spatial modes of the fiber is weak and after averaging over birefringence fluctuations, we obtain new Manakov equations for multimode fibers. Such an averaging reduces the number of intermodal nonlinear terms drastically since all four-wave-mixing t…
The intimate interaction between phase-matched parametric amplification and strong nonlinear mode coupling in a multimode optical fiber results in a saturable spatial mode conversion that appears to violate the conservation of momentum. We investigate, by theory and experiment, this new regime of strong nonlinear interaction in multimode optical fibers and show that the appearance of the non-conservation of linear momentum is merely a clever sleight of hand by nature. This novel saturable mode conversion can potentially be used in a variety of applications including the generation of exotic qu…
Photons occupying multiple spatial modes hold a great promise for implementing high-dimensional quantum communication. We use spontaneous four-wave mixing to generate multimode photon pairs in a few mode fiber. We show the photons are correlated in the fiber mode basis using an all-fiber mode sorter. Our demonstration offers an essential building block for realizing high-dimensional quantum protocols based on standard, commercially available fibers, in an all-fiber configuration.
Multimode optical fibers has emerged as the platform that will bridge the gap between nonlinear optics in bulk media and in single-mode fibers. However, the understanding of the transition between these two research fields still remains incomplete despite numerous investigations of intermodal nonlinear phenomena and spatiotemporal coupling. Some of the striking phenomena observed in bulk media with ultrashort and ultra-intense pulses (i.e., conical emission, harmonic generation and light bullets) require a deeper insight to be possibly unveiled in multimode fibers. Here we generalize the conce…
We introduce a system capable of focusing light through a multimode fiber in 37ms, one order of magnitude faster than demonstrated in previous reports. As a result, the focus spot can be maintained during significant bending of the fiber, opening numerous opportunities for endoscopic imaging and energy delivery applications. We measure the transmission matrix of the fiber by projecting binary-amplitude computer generated holograms using a digital micromirror device and a field programmable gate array controller. The system shows two orders of magnitude enhancements of the focus spot relative t…
Multimode optical fibers have seen increasing applications in communication, imaging, high-power lasers and amplifiers. However, inherent imperfections and environmental perturbations cause random polarization and mode mixing, making the output polarization states very different from the input one. This poses a serious issue for employing polarization sensitive techniques to control light-matter interactions or nonlinear optical processes at the distal end of a fiber probe. Here we demonstrate a complete control of polarization states for all output channels by only manipulating the spatial wa…
In this paper the angular characteristics of a multimode fiber SPR sensor are theoretically investigated. By separating the contributions of beams incident at different angles, a compact model is presented to predict the shift of the resonance wavelength with respect to the angle and the environmental refractive index. The result suggests that the performance of conventional fiber SPR sensors can be substantially improved by optimizing the incident angle. Furthermore, our investigation suggests some problems in previous reports.
We present an ultra-thin hybrid imaging system based on an optical multimode fiber (MMF) and an optical fiber hydrophone that combines optical resolution photoacoustic and fluorescence microscopy. To control the illumination at the distal tip of the MMF, a digital micromirror device modulates the amplitude of the optical wavefront which is coupled into the MMF. A set of pre-calibrated speckle illuminations combined with a reconstruction algorithm enables photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging of samples located at the distal tip of the fiber with optical resolution determined by the numerical …
We demonstrate the first multimode fiber interference-based filtering in an all-fiber spatiotemporally mode-locked laser. The oscillator generates dissipative soliton pulses at 1036 nm with 12 mW average power, 6.24 ps duration and 24.3 MHz repetition rate. The reported pulse energy (0.5 nJ) represents ~4 times improvement over the previously reported single-mode all-normal dispersion mode-locked lasers with multimode interference-based filtering. Numerical simulations are performed to reveal cavity and spatiotemporal mode-locking dynamics. The proposed oscillator presents an alternative appro…
Multimode fibers are attractive for a variety of applications such as internet data transfer, data center hubs, micromanipulation, optogenetics and other biomedical applications. A major hurdle for imaging through multimode fibers is the occurring scrambling, resulting in a randomization of light. Recently, clear imaging has been successfully accomplished using wavefront shaping, but the spatial information was transferred synchronously only. We demonstrate asynchronous information transmission using individual phase conjugations by employing only one spatial light modulator with multiple wind…
We report on a method to obtain confocal imaging through multimode fibers using optical correlation. First, we measure the fiber's transmission matrix in a calibration step. This allows us to create focused spots at one end of the fiber by shaping the wavefront sent into it from the opposite end. These spots are scanned over a sample, and the light coming back from the sample via the fiber is optically correlated with the input pattern. We show that this achieves spatial selectivity in the detection. The technique is demonstrated on microbeads, a dried epithelial cell, and a cover glass.
We report on the generation of a Raman cascade spanning the wavelength range of 523 to 1750 nm wavelength range, in a standard telecommunication graded-index multimode optical fiber. Despite the highly multimode nature of the pump, the Raman peaks are generated in specific modes of the fiber, confirming substantial beam cleanup during the stimulated Raman scattering process.
Multimode fiber systems are desirable for industrial and scientific applications. As an interesting effect for the laser beam propagation in a multimode fiber, nonlinear Kerr beam cleanup has attracted considerable research interest due to the spatial beam compressing. However, its physical mechanisms, especially the influences of input conditions on its performances, remain unclear. Here, we report a new self-organized regime for the multimode beam propagation in a graded-index multimode fiber: when the input laser has a dominant mode in which most of the laser energy is concentrated, the bea…
We experimentally study the competition between Kerr beam self-cleaning and Raman beam cleanup in a multimode air-silica microstructure optical fiber. Kerr beam self-cleaning of the pump is observed for a certain range of input powers only. Raman Stokes beam generation and cleanup lead to both depletion and degradation of beam quality for the pump. The interplay of modal four-wave mixing and Raman scattering in the infrared domain lead to the generation of a multimode supercontinuum ranging from 500 nm up to 1800 nm.
Recent experimental results have reported the observation of beam self-cleaning or, more generally, nonlinear beam reshaping in active multimode fibers. In this work we present a numerical analysis of these processes, by considering the ideal case of a diode-pumped signal amplifier made of a graded-index multimode fiber with uniform Yb doping. Simulations confirm that beam cleaning of the signal may take place even in amplifying fibers, that is the absence of beam energy conservation. Moreover, we show how the local signal intensity maxima, which are periodically generated by the self-imaging …
We present a general theory of thermalization of light in multimode optical fibers, including optical beams with nonzero orbital angular momentum or vortex beams. A generalized Rayleigh-Jeans distribution of asymptotic mode composition is obtained, based on the conservation of the angular momentum. We confirm our predictions by numerical simulations and experiments based on holographic mode decomposition of multimode beams. This establishes new constraints for the achievement of spatial beam self-cleaning, giving previously unforeseen insights into the underlying physical mechanisms.
We present a new way to mitigate focal-ratio degradation (FRD) when using optical fibers to transport multimode light. Our approach exploits a custom multicore fiber (MCF) with six dissimilar cores that are single mode at ~1550 nm wavelength and minimally coupled over 7 m. We fabricated adiabatic mode-selective photonic lanterns (PLs) at each end of the MCF to create a fiber link with multimode ports, the PLs coupling each spatial mode of the multimode ports to a specific core of the MCF and vice versa. The PL-MCF-PL link exhibits superior FRD behavior compared to a conventional multimode fibe…
In this paper, we numerically investigate the process of beam self-cleaning in a graded-index multimode optical fiber, by using the coupled-mode model. We introduce various models of random linear coupling between spatial modes, including coupling between all modes, or only between degenerate ones, and investigate the effects of random mode coupling on the beam self-cleaning process. The results of numerical investigations are in complete agreement with our experimental data.
The use of individual multimode optical fibers in endoscopy applications has the potential to provide highly miniaturized and noninvasive probes for microscopy and optical micromanipulation. A few different strategies have been proposed recently, but they all suffer from intrinsically low resolution related to the low numerical aperture of multimode fibers. Here, we show that two-photon polymerization allows for direct fabrication of micro-optics components on the fiber end, resulting in an increase of the numerical aperture to a value that is close to 1. Coupling light into the fiber through …
We demonstrate the generation of a low-noise, octave-spanning mid-infrared supercontinuum from 1700 to 4800 nm by injecting femtosecond pulses into the normal dispersion regime of a multimode step-index chalcogenide fiber with 100 $μ$m core diameter. We conduct a systematic study of the intensity noise across the supercontinuum spectrum and show that the initial fluctuations of the pump laser are at most amplified by a factor of three. We also perform a comparison with the noise characteristics of an octave-spanning supercontinuum generated in the anomalous dispersion regime of a multimode flu…
