Federated Learning for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices: Panoramas and State-of-the-art
Florida International University（佛罗里达国际大学）；Arm ML Research（Arm机器学习研究中心）；IBM T. J. Watson Research Center（IBM托马斯·J·沃森研究中心）；Binghamton University, the State University of New York（纽约州立大学宾汉姆顿分校）
Ahmed Imteaj, Urmish Thakker, Shiqiang Wang, Jian Li, M. Hadi Amini
Nowadays, devices are equipped with advanced sensors with higher processing/computing capabilities. Further, widespread Internet availability enables communication among sensing devices. As a result, vast amounts of data are generated on edge devices to drive Internet-of-Things (IoT), crowdsourcing, and other emerging technologies. The collected extensive data can be pre-processed, scaled, classified, and finally, used for predicting future events using machine learning (ML) methods. In traditional ML approaches, data is sent to and processed in a central server, which encounters communication overhead, processing delay, privacy leakage, and security issues. To overcome these challenges, each client can be trained locally based on its available data and by learning from the global model. This decentralized learning structure is referred to as Federated Learning (FL). However, in large-scale networks, there may be clients with varying computational resource capabilities. This may lead to implementation and scalability challenges for FL techniques. In this paper, we first introduce some recently implemented real-life applications of FL. We then emphasize on the core challenges of implementing the FL algorithms from the perspective of resource limitations (e.g., memory, bandwidth, and energy budget) of client clients. We finally discuss open issues associated with FL and highlight future directions in the FL area concerning resource-constrained devices.
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
Implementing existing federated learning in massive Internet of Things (IoT) networks faces critical challenges such as imbalanced and statistically heterogeneous data and device diversity. To this end, we propose a semi-federated learning (SemiFL) framework to provide a potential solution for the realization of intelligent IoT. By seamlessly integrating the centralized and federated paradigms, our SemiFL framework shows high scalability in terms of the number of IoT devices even in the presence of computing-limited sensors. Furthermore, compared to traditional learning approaches, the propose…
Internet of Things (IoT) have widely penetrated in different aspects of modern life and many intelligent IoT services and applications are emerging. Recently, federated learning is proposed to train a globally shared model by exploiting a massive amount of user-generated data samples on IoT devices while preventing data leakage. However, the device, statistical and model heterogeneities inherent in the complex IoT environments pose great challenges to traditional federated learning, making it unsuitable to be directly deployed. In this article we advocate a personalized federated learning fram…
Rice University（莱斯大学）；University of Houston-Downtown（休斯顿大学市中心分校）；Prudence Medical Technologies Ltd.（审慎医疗技术有限公司）
The Internet of Things (IoT) revolution has shown potential to give rise to many medical applications with access to large volumes of healthcare data collected by IoT devices. However, the increasing demand for healthcare data privacy and security makes each IoT device an isolated island of data. Further, the limited computation and communication capacity of wearable healthcare devices restrict the application of vanilla federated learning. To this end, we propose an advanced federated learning framework to train deep neural networks, where the network is partitioned and allocated to IoT devic…
For intelligent home IoT services with sensors and machine learning, we need to upload IoT data to the cloud server which cannot share private data for training. A recent machine learning approach, called federated learning, keeps user data on the device in the distributed computing environment. Though federated learning is useful for protecting privacy, it experiences poor performance in terms of the end-to-end response time in home IoT services, because IoT devices are usually controlled by remote servers in the cloud. In addition, it is difficult to achieve the high accuracy of federated le…
Pusan National University（釜山大学）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）
Federated learning (FL) is a new artificial intelligence concept that enables Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices to learn a collaborative model without sending the raw data to centralized nodes for processing. Despite numerous advantages, low computing resources at IoT devices and high communication costs for exchanging model parameters make applications of FL in massive IoT networks very limited. In this work, we develop a novel compression scheme for FL, called high-compression federated learning (HCFL), for very large scale IoT networks. HCFL can reduce the data load for FL processes without …
Heilongjiang University（黑龙江大学）；École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec（魁北克大学高等技术学院）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）；Wuhan University of Technology（武汉理工大学）；Alibaba-NTU Joint Research Institute（阿里巴巴-南洋理工大学联合研究院）
Since edge device failures (i.e., anomalies) seriously affect the production of industrial products in Industrial IoT (IIoT), accurately and timely detecting anomalies is becoming increasingly important. Furthermore, data collected by the edge device may contain the user's private data, which is challenging the current detection approaches as user privacy is calling for the public concern in recent years. With this focus, this paper proposes a new communication-efficient on-device federated learning (FL)-based deep anomaly detection framework for sensing time-series data in IIoT. Specifically,…
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）
The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) and widespread use of devices with sensing, computing, and communication capabilities have motivated intelligent applications empowered by artificial intelligence. The classical artificial intelligence algorithms require centralized data collection and processing which are challenging in realistic intelligent IoT applications due to growing data privacy concerns and distributed datasets. Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a distributed privacy-preserving learning framework that enables IoT devices to train global model through sharing model…
National Institute of Posts and Telecommunications（国家邮电学院）
Federated Machine Learning (Fed ML) is a new distributed machine learning technique applied to collaboratively train a global model using clients local data without transmitting it. Nodes only send parameter updates (e.g., weight updates in the case of neural networks), which are fused together by the server to build the global model. By not divulging node data, Fed ML guarantees its confidentiality, a crucial aspect of network security, which enables it to be used in the context of data-sensitive Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile applications, such as smart Geo-location and the smart grid. …
Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；Xidian University（西安电子科技大学）；University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）；Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering（西穆拉都会数字工程中心）
Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) enables distributed intelligent services varying with the dynamic and realtime industrial devices to achieve Industry 4.0 benefits. In this paper, we consider a new architecture of digital twin empowered Industrial IoT where digital twins capture the characteristics of industrial devices to assist federated learning. Noticing that digital twins may bring estimation deviations from the actual value of device state, a trusted based aggregation is proposed in federated learning to alleviate the effects of such deviation. We adaptively adjust the aggregation fre…
University of Calgary（卡尔加里大学）；Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）
Federated learning (FL) is a distributed and privacy-preserving learning framework for predictive modeling with massive data generated at the edge by Internet of Things (IoT) devices. One major challenge preventing the wide adoption of FL in IoT is the pervasive power supply constraints of IoT devices due to the intensive energy consumption of battery-powered clients for local training and model updates. Low battery levels of clients eventually lead to their early dropouts from edge networks, loss of training data jeopardizing the performance of FL, and their availability to perform other desi…
Lebanese American University（黎巴嫩美国大学）；Polytechnique Montréal（蒙特利尔理工学院）；Khalifa University（哈利法大学）；Zayed University（扎耶德大学）；New York University（纽约大学）；Mohammad Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）
Federated Learning (FL) is a novel distributed privacy-preserving learning paradigm, which enables the collaboration among several participants (e.g., Internet of Things devices) for the training of machine learning models. However, selecting the participants that would contribute to this collaborative training is highly challenging. Adopting a random selection strategy would entail substantial problems due to the heterogeneity in terms of data quality, and computational and communication resources across the participants. Although several approaches have been proposed in the literature to ove…
Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Fudan University（复旦大学）
Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two emerging collaborative learning methods that may greatly facilitate ubiquitous intelligence in Internet of Things (IoT). Federated learning enables machine learning (ML) models locally trained using private data to be aggregated into a global model. Split learning allows different portions of an ML model to be collaboratively trained on different workers in a learning framework. Federated learning and split learning, each has unique advantages and respective limitations, may complement each other toward ubiquitous intelligence in IoT. The…
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)（洛桑联邦理工学院）；University of Murcia（穆尔西亚大学）；University of Zurich UZH（苏黎世大学）；Cyber-Defence Campus, armasuisse Science & Technology（瑞士国防部科技局网络防御校区）
This work investigates the possibilities enabled by federated learning concerning IoT malware detection and studies security issues inherent to this new learning paradigm. In this context, a framework that uses federated learning to detect malware affecting IoT devices is presented. N-BaIoT, a dataset modeling network traffic of several real IoT devices while affected by malware, has been used to evaluate the proposed framework. Both supervised and unsupervised federated models (multi-layer perceptron and autoencoder) able to detect malware affecting seen and unseen IoT devices of N-BaIoT have…
Pennsylvania State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Purdue University（普渡大学）；Georgia State University（佐治亚州立大学）
Federated learning (FL) enables multiple clients to train models collaboratively without sharing local data, which has achieved promising results in different areas, including the Internet of Things (IoT). However, end IoT devices do not have abilities to automatically annotate their collected data, which leads to the label shortage issue at the client side. To collaboratively train an FL model, we can only use a small number of labeled data stored on the server. This is a new yet practical scenario in federated learning, i.e., labels-at-server semi-supervised federated learning (SemiFL). Alth…
The continuous strengthening of the security posture of IoT ecosystems is vital due to the increasing number of interconnected devices and the volume of sensitive data shared. The utilisation of Machine Learning (ML) capabilities in the defence against IoT cyber attacks has many potential benefits. However, the currently proposed frameworks do not consider data privacy, secure architectures, and/or scalable deployments of IoT ecosystems. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical blockchain-based federated learning framework to enable secure and privacy-preserved collaborative IoT intrusion dete…
National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra（国立库鲁克舍特拉理工学院）
In recent times, federated machine learning has been very useful in building intelligent intrusion detection systems for IoT devices. As IoT devices are equipped with a security architecture vulnerable to various attacks, these security loopholes may bring a risk during federated training of decentralized IoT devices. Adversaries can take control over these IoT devices and inject false gradients to degrade the global model performance. In this paper, we have proposed an approach that detects the adversaries with the help of a clustering algorithm. After clustering, it further rewards the clien…
LLMs meet Federated Learning for Scalable and Secure IoT Management
School of Computer Science and Technology, Algoma University（计算机科学与技术学院，阿尔戈马大学）；School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa（电气工程与计算机科学学院，渥太华大学）
Resource Efficient Asynchronous Federated Learning for Digital Twin Empowered IoT Network
School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology（南京理工大学电子工程与光电技术学院）；School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University（东南大学信息科学与工程学院）；Jiangsu Second Normal University（江苏第二师范学院）；Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications（南京邮电大学）；Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学计算学系）；Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学电子工程系）；National Mobile Communication Research Laboratory, Southeast University（东南大学国家移动通信研究实验室）
Owing to the large volume of sensed data from the enormous number of IoT devices in operation today, centralized machine learning algorithms operating on such data incur an unbearable training time, and thus cannot satisfy the requirements of delay-sensitive inference applications. By provisioning computing resources at the network edge, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has become a promising technology capable of collaborating with distributed IoT devices to facilitate federated learning, and thus realize real-time training. However, considering the large volume of sensed data and the limited reso…
DP-EMAR: A Differentially Private Framework for Autonomous Model Weight Repair in Federated IoT Systems
Research Scholar, Department of CSE（计算机科学与工程系研究学者）；Professor, Department of CSE（计算机科学与工程系教授）；PES University, RR Nagar, Bangalore, India（印度班加罗尔RR Nagar的PES大学）
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)（皇家理工学院（KTH））；Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）
To leverage massive distributed data and computation resources, machine learning in the network edge is considered to be a promising technique especially for large-scale model training. Federated learning (FL), as a paradigm of collaborative learning techniques, has obtained increasing research attention with the benefits of communication efficiency and improved data privacy. Due to the lossy communication channels and limited communication resources (e.g., bandwidth and power), it is of interest to investigate fast responding and accurate FL schemes over wireless systems. Hence, we investigat…
University of Guelph（圭尔夫大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）
Over the years, the popularity and usage of wearable Internet of Things (IoT) devices in several healthcare services are increased. Among the services that benefit from the usage of such devices is predictive analysis, which can improve early diagnosis in e-health. However, due to the limitations of wearable IoT devices, challenges in data privacy, service integrity, and network structure adaptability arose. To address these concerns, we propose a platform using federated learning and private blockchain technology within a fog-IoT network. These technologies have privacy-preserving features se…
Federated Learning (FL) has received a significant amount of attention in the industry and research community due to its capability of keeping data on local devices. To aggregate the gradients of local models to train the global model, existing works require that the global model and the local models are the same. However, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are inherently diverse regarding computation speed and onboard memory. In this paper, we propose an FL framework targeting the heterogeneity of IoT devices. Specifically, local models are compressed from the global model, and the gradients of…
Billions of IoT devices will be deployed in the near future, taking advantage of faster Internet speed and the possibility of orders of magnitude more endpoints brought by 5G/6G. With the growth of IoT devices, vast quantities of data that may contain users' private information will be generated. The high communication and storage costs, mixed with privacy concerns, will increasingly challenge the traditional ecosystem of centralized over-the-cloud learning and processing for IoT platforms. Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as the most promising alternative approach to this problem. In FL, t…
Western Illinois University（西伊利诺伊大学）；Western Michigan University（西密歇根大学）；Al-Nahrain University（纳赫拉因大学）；Hamad Bin Khalifa University（哈马德·本·哈利法大学）；Mohammed V University（穆罕默德五世大学）；Information Technology University（信息技术大学）；University of Nebraska at Kearney（内布拉斯加大学卡尼尔分校）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）
Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) in particular, play a vital role in providing smart services to the industry. These techniques however suffer from privacy and security concerns since data is collected from clients and then stored and processed at a central location. Federated Learning (FL), an architecture in which model parameters are exchanged instead of client data, has been proposed as a solution to these concerns. Nevertheless, FL trains a global model by communicating with clients over communication rounds, which introduces more traffic on the network and increases the conv…
University of St Andrews（圣安德鲁斯大学）；Queen’s University Belfast（贝尔法斯特女王大学）；Rakuten Mobile（乐天移动）
Applying Federated Learning (FL) on Internet-of-Things devices is necessitated by the large volumes of data they produce and growing concerns of data privacy. However, there are three challenges that need to be addressed to make FL efficient: (i) execution on devices with limited computational capabilities, (ii) accounting for stragglers due to computational heterogeneity of devices, and (iii) adaptation to the changing network bandwidths. This paper presents FedAdapt, an adaptive offloading FL framework to mitigate the aforementioned challenges. FedAdapt accelerates local training in computat…
Viterbi School of Engineering（维特比工程学院）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）
Federated learning can be a promising solution for enabling IoT cybersecurity (i.e., anomaly detection in the IoT environment) while preserving data privacy and mitigating the high communication/storage overhead (e.g., high-frequency data from time-series sensors) of centralized over-the-cloud approaches. In this paper, to further push forward this direction with a comprehensive study in both algorithm and system design, we build FedIoT platform that contains FedDetect algorithm for on-device anomaly data detection and a system design for realistic evaluation of federated learning on IoT devic…
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University（穆罕默德六世理工大学）；New York University (NYU) Abu Dhabi（纽约大学阿布扎比分校）；NYU Tandon School of Engineering（纽约大学坦登工程学院）
Federated distillation (FD) paradigm has been recently proposed as a promising alternative to federated learning (FL) especially in wireless sensor networks with limited communication resources. However, all state-of-the art FD algorithms are designed for only classification tasks and less attention has been given to regression tasks. In this work, we propose an FD framework that properly operates on regression learning problems. Afterwards, we present a use-case implementation by proposing an indoor localization system that shows a good trade-off communication load vs. accuracy compared to fe…
East China Normal University（华东师范大学）；Zaozhuang University（枣庄学院）；University of Houston（休斯顿大学）
As a promising method of central model training on decentralized device data while securing user privacy, Federated Learning (FL)is becoming popular in Internet of Things (IoT) design. However, when the data collected by IoT devices are highly skewed in a non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) manner, the accuracy of vanilla FL method cannot be guaranteed. Although there exist various solutions that try to address the bottleneck of FL with non-IID data, most of them suffer from extra intolerable communication overhead and low model accuracy. To enable fast and accurate FL, this …
UK Dementia Research Institute（英国痴呆症研究所）；Imperial College London（伦敦帝国理工学院）
Federated learning is proposed as an alternative to centralized machine learning since its client-server structure provides better privacy protection and scalability in real-world applications. In many applications, such as smart homes with Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, local data on clients are generated from different modalities such as sensory, visual, and audio data. Existing federated learning systems only work on local data from a single modality, which limits the scalability of the systems. In this paper, we propose a multimodal and semi-supervised federated learning framework that …
University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；University of Massachusetts Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校）
Internet of Things (IoT) devices are becoming increasingly popular and are influencing many application domains such as healthcare and transportation. These devices are used for real-world applications such as sensor monitoring, real-time control. In this work, we look at differentially private (DP) neural network (NN) based network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) to detect intrusion attacks on networks of such IoT devices. Existing NN training solutions in this domain either ignore privacy considerations or assume that the privacy requirements are homogeneous across all users. We show that…
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) generates vast quantities of data, much of it attributable to individuals' activity and behaviour. Gathering personal data and performing machine learning tasks on this data in a central location presents a significant privacy risk to individuals as well as challenges with communicating this data to the cloud. However, analytics based on machine learning and in particular deep learning benefit greatly from large amounts of data to develop high-performance predictive models. This work reviews federated learning as an approach for performing machine learning on distr…
An Efficient Unsupervised Federated Learning Approach for Anomaly Detection in Heterogeneous IoT Networks
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Qom University of Technology（电气与计算机工程学院，科姆技术大学）；Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Industry and Mining (Khash), Sistan and Baluchestan University（计算机工程系，工业与采矿学院（Khash），锡斯坦和巴尔赫斯坦大学）；Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity, University of New Brunswick（加拿大网络安全研究所，新不伦瑞克大学）；Sustainable Digitalisation Research Centre (SDRC), Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Faculty of Technology and Society, Malmo University（可持续数字化研究中心（SDRC），计算机科学与媒体技术系，技术与社会学院，马尔默大学）
École de Technologie Supérieure (ÉTS)（高等技术学院（ÉTS））；Universite de Quebec a Trois-Rivieres (UQTR)（魁北克大学三河分校（UQTR））；Lebanese American University（黎巴嫩美国大学）；New York University（纽约大学）；Mohammad Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）
Continuous behavioural authentication methods add a unique layer of security by allowing individuals to verify their unique identity when accessing a device. Maintaining session authenticity is now feasible by monitoring users' behaviour while interacting with a mobile or Internet of Things (IoT) device, making credential theft and session hijacking ineffective. Such a technique is made possible by integrating the power of artificial intelligence and Machine Learning (ML). Most of the literature focuses on training machine learning for the user by transmitting their data to an external server,…
Federated Learning with Gramian Angular Fields for Privacy-Preserving ECG Classification on Heterogeneous IoT Devices
Laboratoire LITAN（LITAN实验室）；École supérieure en Sciences et Technologies de l’Informatique et du Numérique（信息与数字技术高级学院）；College of Engineering and IT（工程与信息技术学院）；University of Dubai（迪拜大学）；Department of Computer Science（计算机科学系）；University of Sharjah（沙迦大学）
Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu（奥卢大学无线通信中心）
While information delivery in industrial Internet of things demands reliability and latency guarantees, the freshness of the controller's available information, measured by the age of information (AoI), is paramount for high-performing industrial automation. The problem in this work is cast as a sensor's transmit power minimization subject to the peak-AoI requirement and a probabilistic constraint on queuing latency. We further characterize the tail behavior of the latency by a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) for solving the power allocation problem through Lyapunov optimization. As each…
