极精密径向速度测量中的太阳污染：有害影响和减轻前景
Solar Contamination in Extreme Precision Radial Velocity Measurements: Deleterious Effects and Prospects for Mitigation
摘要：
由于月光和大气对太阳光的散射，太阳污染会导致恒星径向速度（RV）测量的系统误差，这会大大降低探测和表征类日恒星宜居带内或附近的类地系外行星所需的~ 10 cm/s的灵敏度。当使用经典的基于掩模或基于模板的互相关技术测量速度时，在可变有效速度偏移处添加低水平光谱污染会引入系统噪声。在这里，我们提出了模拟估计的RV测量误差的范围引起的未校正的散射阳光污染。我们探索潜在的校正技术，同时使用光谱仪天空光纤和宽带成像通过相干光纤成像束，可以可靠地减少这种来源的错误，低于光子噪声限制的典型恒星观测。我们讨论了这些模拟的局限性，基本假设和缓解机制。我们还介绍和讨论了为WIYN 3.5米望远镜设计和建造的NEID精密RV仪器的组件，作为社区探索和评估校正技术的持续资源。我们强调，虽然“明亮的时间”传统上已经足够用于RV科学，但在最有趣的系外行星系统上实现10厘米/秒的精度目标可能需要为这些下一代仪器提供更暗的天空。
英文摘要：
Solar contamination, due to moonlight and atmospheric scattering of sunlight, can cause systematic errors in stellar radial velocity (RV) measurements that significantly detract from the ~10cm/s sensitivity required for the detection and characterization of terrestrial exoplanets in or near Habitable Zones of Sun-like stars. The addition of low-level spectral contamination at variable effective velocity offsets introduces systematic noise when measuring velocities using classical mask-based or template-based cross-correlation techniques. Here we present simulations estimating the range of RV measurement error induced by uncorrected scattered sunlight contamination. We explore potential correction techniques, using both simultaneous spectrometer sky fibers and broadband imaging via coherent fiber imaging bundles, that could reliably reduce this source of error to below the photon-noise limit of typical stellar observations. We discuss the limitations of these simulations, the underlying assumptions, and mitigation mechanisms. We also present and discuss the components designed and built into the NEID precision RV instrument for the WIYN 3.5m telescope, to serve as an ongoing resource for the community to explore and evaluate correction techniques. We emphasize that while "bright time" has been traditionally adequate for RV science, the goal of 10cm/s precision on the most interesting exoplanetary systems may necessitate access to darker skies for these next-generation instruments.
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