射电脉冲星真实极帽的加热
Heating of the Real Polar Cap of Radio Pulsars
摘要：
本文研究了超相对论电荷轰击射电星真实极盖表面的加热。真正的极帽是在常规极帽内或靠近常规极帽的显著更小的区域，其被偶极场$\vec{B}_d$的最后开放场线包围。它被小尺度局部表面场$\vec{B}_s$的那些场线包围，这些场线在帽上方$\sim 10^5$ cm的高度处与$\vec{B}_d$的最后开放场线连接。由于常规极帽和真实极帽半径之比为$R_{dip}/R_{pc}\sim 10$，因此通量守恒需要$B_s/B_d\sim 100$。对于旋转周期$P\sim 0.5$ s，$B_s\sim 10^{14}$ G产生了一个强的电势间隙，形成了内部加速区（IAR），其中电荷获得动能$\sim 3\times 10^{14}$ eV。这为回流电荷在真实极盖表层释放热量的能量设定了上限。在IAR中，它被一股密度极高的高能电荷流穿过，没有稳定的氢气氛可以生存。因此，我们认为极冠是由完全电离的铁离子组成的固化的“裸露”表面。本文讨论了实际极帽的物理情况，计算了它的表面温度$T_s$作为$B_s$和$P$的函数，并与射电天文学的X射线观测结果进行了比较。
英文摘要：
The heating of the real polar cap surface of radio pulsars by the bombardment of ultra-relativistic charges is studied. The real polar cap is a significantly smaller area within or close by the conventional polar cap which is encircled by the last open field lines of the dipolar field $\vec{B}_d$. It is surrounded by those field lines of the small scale local surface field $\vec{B}_s$ that join the last open field lines of $\vec{B}_d$ in a height of $\sim 10^5$ cm above the cap. As the ratio of radii of the conventional and real polar cap $R_{dip}/R_{pc}\sim 10$, flux conservation requires $B_s/B_d\sim 100$. For rotational periods $P\sim 0.5$ s, $B_s\sim 10^{14}$ G creates a strong electric potential gap that forms the inner accelerating region (IAR) in which charges gain kinetic energies $\sim 3\times 10^{14}$ eV. This sets an upper limit for the energy that back flowing charges can release as heat in the surface layers of the real polar cap. Within the IAR, which is flown through with a dense stream of extremely energetic charges, no stable atmosphere of hydrogen can survive. Therefore, we consider the polar cap as a solidified "naked" surface consisting of fully ionized iron ions. We discuss the physical situation at the real polar cap, calculate its surface temperatures $T_s$ as functions of $B_s$ and $P$, and compare the results with X-ray observations of radio pulsars.
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