Recent advances in convolutional neural networks(CNNs) usually come with the expense of excessive computational overhead and memory footprint. Network compression aims to alleviate this issue by training compact models with comparable performance. However, existing compression techniques either entail dedicated expert design or compromise with a moderate performance drop. In this paper, we propose a novel structured sparsification method for efficient network compression. The proposed method automatically induces structured sparsity on the convolutional weights, thereby facilitating the implementation of the compressed model with the highly-optimized group convolution. We further address the problem of inter-group communication with a learnable channel shuffle mechanism. The proposed approach can be easily applied to compress many network architectures with a negligible performance drop. Extensive experimental results and analysis demonstrate that our approach gives a competitive performance against the recent network compression counterparts with a sound accuracy-complexity trade-off.
We introduce an extremely computation-efficient CNN architecture named ShuffleNet, which is designed specially for mobile devices with very limited computing power (e.g., 10-150 MFLOPs). The new architecture utilizes two new operations, pointwise group convolution and channel shuffle, to greatly reduce computation cost while maintaining accuracy. Experiments on ImageNet classification and MS COCO object detection demonstrate the superior performance of ShuffleNet over other structures, e.g. lower top-1 error (absolute 7.8%) than recent MobileNet on ImageNet classification task, under the compu…
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar（甘地纳加尔印度理工学院）
Deep neural networks have enormous representational power which leads them to overfit on most datasets. Thus, regularizing them is important in order to reduce overfitting and enhance their generalization capabilities. Recently, channel shuffle operation has been introduced for mixing channels in group convolutions in resource efficient networks in order to reduce memory and computations. This paper studies the operation of channel shuffle as a regularization technique in deep convolutional networks. We show that while random shuffling of channels during training drastically reduce their perfo…
Modern Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are complex, encompassing millions of parameters. Their deployment exerts computational, storage and energy demands, particularly on embedded platforms. Existing approaches to prune or sparsify CNNs require retraining to maintain inference accuracy. Such retraining is not feasible in some contexts. In this paper, we explore the sparsification of CNNs by proposing three model-independent methods. Our methods are applied on-the-fly and require no retraining. We show that the state-of-the-art models' weights can be reduced by up to 73% (compression fact…
3D CNN shows its strong ability in learning spatiotemporal representation in recent video recognition tasks. However, inflating 2D convolution to 3D inevitably introduces additional computational costs, making it cumbersome in practical deployment. We consider whether there is a way to equip the conventional 2D convolution with temporal vision no requiring expanding its kernel. To this end, we propose the video shuffle, a parameter-free plug-in component that efficiently reallocates the inputs of 2D convolution so that its receptive field can be extended to the temporal dimension. In practical…
Assigning a label to each pixel in an image, namely semantic segmentation, has been an important task in computer vision, and has applications in autonomous driving, robotic navigation, localization, and scene understanding. Fully convolutional neural networks have proved to be a successful solution for the task over the years but most of the work being done focuses primarily on accuracy. In this paper, we present a computationally efficient approach to semantic segmentation, while achieving a high mean intersection over union (mIOU), 70.33% on Cityscapes challenge. The network proposed is cap…
In order to enhance the real-time performance of convolutional neural networks(CNNs), more and more researchers are focusing on improving the efficiency of CNN. Based on the analysis of some CNN architectures, such as ResNet, DenseNet, ShuffleNet and so on, we combined their advantages and proposed a very efficient model called Highly Efficient Networks(HENet). The new architecture uses an unusual way to combine group convolution and channel shuffle which was mentioned in ShuffleNet. Inspired by ResNet and DenseNet, we also proposed a new way to use element-wise addition and concatenation conn…
Max Planck Institute For Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；Saarland Informatics Campus（萨尔兰信息学园区）；Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology（蔚山科学技术院）
We show implicit filter level sparsity manifests in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) which employ Batch Normalization and ReLU activation, and are trained with adaptive gradient descent techniques and L2 regularization or weight decay. Through an extensive empirical study (Mehta et al., 2019) we hypothesize the mechanism behind the sparsification process, and find surprising links to certain filter sparsification heuristics proposed in literature. Emergence of, and the subsequent pruning of selective features is observed to be one of the contributing mechanisms, leading to feature sparsity…
Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；Microsoft（微软）
We present an efficient high-resolution network, Lite-HRNet, for human pose estimation. We start by simply applying the efficient shuffle block in ShuffleNet to HRNet (high-resolution network), yielding stronger performance over popular lightweight networks, such as MobileNet, ShuffleNet, and Small HRNet. We find that the heavily-used pointwise (1x1) convolutions in shuffle blocks become the computational bottleneck. We introduce a lightweight unit, conditional channel weighting, to replace costly pointwise (1x1) convolutions in shuffle blocks. The complexity of channel weighting is linear w.r…
Hangzhou Dianzi University（杭州电子科技大学）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；University at Buffalo, The State University of New York（纽约州立大学布法罗分校）
Modeling statistical regularity plays an essential role in ill-posed image processing problems. Recently, deep learning based methods have been presented to implicitly learn statistical representation of pixel distributions in natural images and leverage it as a constraint to facilitate subsequent tasks, such as color constancy and image dehazing. However, the existing CNN architecture is prone to variability and diversity of pixel intensity within and between local regions, which may result in inaccurate statistical representation. To address this problem, this paper presents a novel fully po…
Attention mechanisms, which enable a neural network to accurately focus on all the relevant elements of the input, have become an essential component to improve the performance of deep neural networks. There are mainly two attention mechanisms widely used in computer vision studies, \textit{spatial attention} and \textit{channel attention}, which aim to capture the pixel-level pairwise relationship and channel dependency, respectively. Although fusing them together may achieve better performance than their individual implementations, it will inevitably increase the computational overhead. In t…
Leveraging Transfer Learning and Mobile-enabled Convolutional Neural Networks for Improved Arabic Handwritten Character Recognition
Systems Theory and Informatics Laboratory, University Moulay Ismail, Meknes, Morocco（穆拉伊姆大学系统理论与信息实验室）；LMC, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco（卡迪·艾亚德大学萨菲多学科 faculty）；College of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Dubai, Dubai, UAE（迪拜大学工程与信息技术学院）
In order to achieve better performance for point cloud analysis, many researchers apply deeper neural networks using stacked Multi-Layer-Perceptron (MLP) convolutions over irregular point cloud. However, applying dense MLP convolutions over large amount of points (e.g. autonomous driving application) leads to inefficiency in memory and computation. To achieve high performance but less complexity, we propose a deep-wide neural network, called ShufflePointNet, to exploit fine-grained local features and reduce redundancy in parallel using group convolution and channel shuffle operation. Unlike co…
Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Facebook AI Research（脸书人工智能研究院）
Deep neural networks are increasingly used on mobile devices, where computational resources are limited. In this paper we develop CondenseNet, a novel network architecture with unprecedented efficiency. It combines dense connectivity with a novel module called learned group convolution. The dense connectivity facilitates feature re-use in the network, whereas learned group convolutions remove connections between layers for which this feature re-use is superfluous. At test time, our model can be implemented using standard group convolutions, allowing for efficient computation in practice. Our e…
This paper strives for video event detection using a representation learned from deep convolutional neural networks. Different from the leading approaches, who all learn from the 1,000 classes defined in the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, we investigate how to leverage the complete ImageNet hierarchy for pre-training deep networks. To deal with the problems of over-specific classes and classes with few images, we introduce a bottom-up and top-down approach for reorganization of the ImageNet hierarchy based on all its 21,814 classes and more than 14 million images. Experimen…
Convolution operator is the core of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and occupies the most computation cost. To make CNNs more efficient, many methods have been proposed to either design lightweight networks or compress models. Although some efficient network structures have been proposed, such as MobileNet or ShuffleNet, we find that there still exists redundant information between convolution kernels. To address this issue, we propose a novel dynamic convolution method to adaptively generate convolution kernels based on image contents. To demonstrate the effectiveness, we apply dynamic c…
We propose a collection of three shift-based primitives for building efficient compact CNN-based networks. These three primitives (channel shift, address shift, shortcut shift) can reduce the inference time on GPU while maintains the prediction accuracy. These shift-based primitives only moves the pointer but avoids memory copy, thus very fast. For example, the channel shift operation is 12.7x faster compared to channel shuffle in ShuffleNet but achieves the same accuracy. The address shift and channel shift can be merged into the point-wise group convolution and invokes only a single kernel c…
In this paper, we are interested in boosting the representation capability of convolution neural networks which utilizing the inverted residual structure. Based on the success of Inverted Residual structure[Sandler et al. 2018] and Interleaved Low-Rank Group Convolutions[Sun et al. 2018], we rethink this two pattern of neural network structure, rather than NAS(Neural architecture search) method[Zoph and Le 2017; Pham et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2018b], we introduce uneven point-wise group convolution, which provide a novel search space for designing basic blocks to obtain better trade-off between …
Automatic visual fire detection is used to complement traditional fire detection sensor systems (smoke/heat). In this work, we investigate different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures and their variants for the non-temporal real-time bounds detection of fire pixel regions in video (or still) imagery. Two reduced complexity compact CNN architectures (NasNet-A-OnFire and ShuffleNetV2-OnFire) are proposed through experimental analysis to optimise the computational efficiency for this task. The results improve upon the current state-of-the-art solution for fire detection, achieving a…
With the ever increasing application of Convolutional Neural Networks to customer products the need emerges for models to efficiently run on embedded, mobile hardware. Slimmer models have therefore become a hot research topic with various approaches which vary from binary networks to revised convolution layers. We offer our contribution to the latter and propose a novel convolution block which significantly reduces the computational burden while surpassing the current state-of-the-art. Our model, dubbed EffNet, is optimised for models which are slim to begin with and is created to tackle issue…
Group convolution works well with many deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that can effectively compress the model by reducing the number of parameters and computational cost. Using this operation, feature maps of different group cannot communicate, which restricts their representation capability. To address this issue, in this work, we propose a novel operation named Hierarchical Group Convolution (HGC) for creating computationally efficient neural networks. Different from standard group convolution which blocks the inter-group information exchange and induces the severe performance deg…
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）
We introduce a fast and efficient convolutional neural network, ESPNet, for semantic segmentation of high resolution images under resource constraints. ESPNet is based on a new convolutional module, efficient spatial pyramid (ESP), which is efficient in terms of computation, memory, and power. ESPNet is 22 times faster (on a standard GPU) and 180 times smaller than the state-of-the-art semantic segmentation network PSPNet, while its category-wise accuracy is only 8% less. We evaluated ESPNet on a variety of semantic segmentation datasets including Cityscapes, PASCAL VOC, and a breast biopsy wh…
École de technologie supérieure（蒙特利尔高等技术学院）；University of Regina（里贾纳大学）
This project aimed to determine the grain size distribution of granular materials from images using convolutional neural networks. The application of ConvNet and pretrained ConvNet models, including AlexNet, SqueezeNet, GoogLeNet, InceptionV3, DenseNet201, MobileNetV2, ResNet18, ResNet50, ResNet101, Xception, InceptionResNetV2, ShuffleNet, and NASNetMobile was studied. Synthetic images of granular materials created with the discrete element code YADE were used. All the models were trained and verified with grayscale and color band datasets with image sizes ranging from 32 to 160 pixels. The pr…
Compact neural networks are inclined to exploit "sparsely-connected" convolutions such as depthwise convolution and group convolution for employment in mobile applications. Compared with standard "fully-connected" convolutions, these convolutions are more computationally economical. However, "sparsely-connected" convolutions block the inter-group information exchange, which induces severe performance degradation. To address this issue, we present two novel operations named merging and evolution to leverage the inter-group information. Our key idea is encoding the inter-group information with a…
Modern neural network modules which can significantly enhance the learning power usually add too much computational complexity to the original neural networks. In this paper, we pursue very efficient neural network modules which can significantly boost the learning power of deep convolutional neural networks with negligible extra computational cost. We first present both theoretically and experimentally that elementwise square operator has a potential to enhance the learning power of neural networks. Then, we design four types of lightweight modules with elementwise square operators, named as …
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Allen Institute for AI (AI2)（艾伦人工智能研究所（AI2））
We introduce a light-weight, power efficient, and general purpose convolutional neural network, ESPNetv2, for modeling visual and sequential data. Our network uses group point-wise and depth-wise dilated separable convolutions to learn representations from a large effective receptive field with fewer FLOPs and parameters. The performance of our network is evaluated on four different tasks: (1) object classification, (2) semantic segmentation, (3) object detection, and (4) language modeling. Experiments on these tasks, including image classification on the ImageNet and language modeling on the …
University of Georgia（佐治亚大学）；Emory University School of Medicine（埃默里大学医学院）
Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy provide high-resolution, multimodal image representations of the identity and cell activity respectively of targeted microbial communities in microbiological research. Despite its importance to microbiologists, multimodal registration of FISH and nanoSIMS images is challenging given the morphological distortion and background noise in both images. In this study, we use convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for multiscale feature extraction, shape context for computation of the minimum t…
Deep learning has become popular in recent years primarily due to the powerful computing device such as GPUs. However, deploying these deep models to end-user devices, smart phones, or embedded systems with limited resources is challenging. To reduce the computation and memory costs, we propose a novel lightweight deep learning module by low-rank pointwise residual (LPR) convolution, called LPRNet. Essentially, LPR aims at using low-rank approximation in pointwise convolution to further reduce the module size, while keeping depthwise convolutions as the residual module to rectify the LPR modul…
In this paper, we show that extending the butterfly operations from the FFT algorithm to a general Butterfly Transform (BFT) can be beneficial in building an efficient block structure for CNN designs. Pointwise convolutions, which we refer to as channel fusions, are the main computational bottleneck in the state-of-the-art efficient CNNs (e.g. MobileNets ). We introduce a set of criteria for channel fusion and prove that BFT yields an asymptotically optimal FLOP count with respect to these criteria. By replacing pointwise convolutions with BFT, we reduce the computational complexity of these l…
University of California, Irvine（加州大学欧文分校）；Whittier College（惠蒂尔学院）；Qualcomm AI（高通人工智能）
Deepening and widening convolutional neural networks (CNNs) significantly increases the number of trainable weight parameters by adding more convolutional layers and feature maps per layer, respectively. By imposing inter- and intra-group sparsity onto the weights of the layers during the training process, a compressed network can be obtained with accuracy comparable to a dense one. In this paper, we propose a new variant of sparse group lasso that blends the $\ell_0$ norm onto the individual weight parameters and the $\ell_{2,1}$ norm onto the output channels of a layer. To address the non-di…
University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；University of Cincinnati（辛辛那提大学）
Quantitative cancer image analysis relies on the accurate delineation of tumours, a very specialised and time-consuming task. For this reason, methods for automated segmentation of tumours in medical imaging have been extensively developed in recent years, being Computed Tomography one of the most popular imaging modalities explored. However, the large amount of 3D voxels in a typical scan is prohibitive for the entire volume to be analysed at once in conventional hardware. To overcome this issue, the processes of downsampling and/or resampling are generally implemented when using traditional …
Microscopic Image and Medical Image Analysis Group, MBIE College, Northeastern University（东北大学MBIE学院显微图像与医学图像分析组）；School of Control Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology（成都信息工程大学控制工程学院）；University of Lübeck（吕贝克大学）；China Medical University（中国医科大学）
In recent years, deep learning has made brilliant achievements in Environmental Microorganism (EM) image classification. However, image classification of small EM datasets has still not obtained good research results. Therefore, researchers need to spend a lot of time searching for models with good classification performance and suitable for the current equipment working environment. To provide reliable references for researchers, we conduct a series of comparison experiments on 21 deep learning models. The experiment includes direct classification, imbalanced training, and hyperparameter tuni…
Depthwise convolution is becoming increasingly popular in modern efficient ConvNets, but its kernel size is often overlooked. In this paper, we systematically study the impact of different kernel sizes, and observe that combining the benefits of multiple kernel sizes can lead to better accuracy and efficiency. Based on this observation, we propose a new mixed depthwise convolution (MixConv), which naturally mixes up multiple kernel sizes in a single convolution. As a simple drop-in replacement of vanilla depthwise convolution, our MixConv improves the accuracy and efficiency for existing Mobil…
University of Padova（帕多瓦大学）；University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；Missouri State University（密苏里州立大学）
Pest infestation is a major cause of crop damage and lost revenues worldwide. Automatic identification of invasive insects would greatly speedup the identification of pests and expedite their removal. In this paper, we generate ensembles of CNNs based on different topologies (ResNet50, GoogleNet, ShuffleNet, MobileNetv2, and DenseNet201) altered by random selection from a simple set of data augmentation methods or optimized with different Adam variants for pest identification. Two new Adam algorithms for deep network optimization based on DGrad are proposed that introduce a scaling factor in t…
MPI For Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；UNIST（蔚山科学技术院）；Saarland Informatics Campus（萨尔兰信息学园区）
We investigate filter level sparsity that emerges in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) which employ Batch Normalization and ReLU activation, and are trained with adaptive gradient descent techniques and L2 regularization or weight decay. We conduct an extensive experimental study casting our initial findings into hypotheses and conclusions about the mechanisms underlying the emergent filter level sparsity. This study allows new insight into the performance gap obeserved between adapative and non-adaptive gradient descent methods in practice. Further, analysis of the effect of training strat…
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology（北京工业大学信息技术学院）
Deep learning has achieved impressive results in many areas, but the deployment of edge intelligent devices is still very slow. To solve this problem, we propose a novel compression and acceleration method based on data distribution characteristics for deep neural networks, namely Pruning Filter via Gaussian Distribution Feature (PFGDF). Compared with previous advanced pruning methods, PFGDF compresses the model by filters with insignificance in distribution, regardless of the contribution and sensitivity information of the convolution filter. PFGDF is significantly different from weight spars…
Nowadays, due to the rapid population expansion, food shortage has become a critical issue. In order to stabilizing the food source production, preventing crops from being attacked by pests is very important. In generally, farmers use pesticides to kill pests, however, improperly using pesticides will also kill some insects which is beneficial to crops, such as bees. If the number of bees is too few, the supplement of food in the world will be in short. Besides, excessive pesticides will seriously pollute the environment. Accordingly, farmers need a machine which can automatically recognize th…
Extremely efficient convolutional neural network architectures are one of the most important requirements for limited-resource devices (such as embedded and mobile devices). The computing power and memory size are two important constraints of these devices. Recently, some architectures have been proposed to overcome these limitations by considering specific hardware-software equipment. In this paper, the lightweight residual densely connected blocks are proposed to guaranty the deep supervision, efficient gradient flow, and feature reuse abilities of convolutional neural network. The proposed …
The deep learning revolution brought us an extensive array of neural network architectures that achieve state-of-the-art performance in a wide variety of Computer Vision tasks including among others, classification, detection and segmentation. In parallel, we have also been observing an unprecedented demand in computational and memory requirements, rendering the efficient use of neural networks in low-powered devices virtually unattainable. Towards this end, we propose a three-stage compression and acceleration pipeline that sparsifies, quantizes and entropy encodes activation maps of Convolut…
University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；NVIDIA Corporation（英伟达公司）
Enforcing orthogonality in neural networks is an antidote for gradient vanishing/exploding problems, sensitivity by adversarial perturbation, and bounding generalization errors. However, many previous approaches are heuristic, and the orthogonality of convolutional layers is not systematically studied: some of these designs are not exactly orthogonal, while others only consider standard convolutional layers and propose specific classes of their realizations. To address this problem, we propose a theoretical framework for orthogonal convolutional layers, which establishes the equivalence betwee…
We introduce a novel and generic convolutional unit, DiCE unit, that is built using dimension-wise convolutions and dimension-wise fusion. The dimension-wise convolutions apply light-weight convolutional filtering across each dimension of the input tensor while dimension-wise fusion efficiently combines these dimension-wise representations; allowing the DiCE unit to efficiently encode spatial and channel-wise information contained in the input tensor. The DiCE unit is simple and can be seamlessly integrated with any architecture to improve its efficiency and performance. Compared to depth-wise…
Peking University（北京大学）；Beijing Institute of Big Data Research（北京大数据研究院）
We attempt to interpret how adversarially trained convolutional neural networks (AT-CNNs) recognize objects. We design systematic approaches to interpret AT-CNNs in both qualitative and quantitative ways and compare them with normally trained models. Surprisingly, we find that adversarial training alleviates the texture bias of standard CNNs when trained on object recognition tasks, and helps CNNs learn a more shape-biased representation. We validate our hypothesis from two aspects. First, we compare the salience maps of AT-CNNs and standard CNNs on clean images and images under different tran…
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev（内盖夫本-古里安大学）；Emory University（埃默里大学）；University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；Xtract AI（Xtract人工智能公司）
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have become indispensable for solving machine learning tasks in speech recognition, computer vision, and other areas that involve high-dimensional data. A CNN filters the input feature using a network containing spatial convolution operators with compactly supported stencils. In practice, the input data and the hidden features consist of a large number of channels, which in most CNNs are fully coupled by the convolution operators. This coupling leads to immense computational cost in the training and prediction phase. In this paper, we introduce LeanConvNets…
South China Normal University（华南师范大学）；Shanghai Jiaotong University（上海交通大学）
With the development of Internet of Things (IoT), data is increasingly appearing on the edge of the network. Processing tasks on the edge of the network can effectively solve the problems of personal privacy leaks and server overload. As a result, it has attracted a great deal of attention and made substantial progress. This progress includes efficient convolutional neural network (CNN) models such as MobileNet and ShuffleNet. However, all of these networks appear as a common network model and they usually need to identify multiple targets when applied. So the size of the input is very large. …
The high energy cost of processing deep convolutional neural networks impedes their ubiquitous deployment in energy-constrained platforms such as embedded systems and IoT devices. This work introduces convolutional layers with pre-defined sparse 2D kernels that have support sets that repeat periodically within and across filters. Due to the efficient storage of our periodic sparse kernels, the parameter savings can translate into considerable improvements in energy efficiency due to reduced DRAM accesses, thus promising significant improvements in the trade-off between energy consumption and a…
Recently, FCNs have attracted widespread attention in the CD field. In pursuit of better CD performance, it has become a tendency to design deeper and more complicated FCNs, which inevitably brings about huge numbers of parameters and an unbearable computational burden. With the goal of designing a quite deep architecture to obtain more precise CD results while simultaneously decreasing parameter numbers to improve efficiency, in this work, we present a very deep and efficient CD network, entitled EffCDNet. In EffCDNet, to reduce the numerous parameters associated with deep architecture, an ef…
Submanifold Sparse Convolutional Networks for Automated 3D Segmentation of Kidneys and Kidney Tumours in Computed Tomography
ETH Zürich, Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics（苏黎世联邦理工学院，粒子物理与天体物理研究所）；University of Cambridge, Department of Physics（剑桥大学，物理系）；University of Cincinnati, Department of Physics（辛辛那提大学，物理系）；University of Cambridge, Department of Radiology（剑桥大学，放射学系）
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications（南京邮电大学）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；Kyushu Institute of Technology（九州工业大学）；National Institute of Informatics（国立信息学研究所）
Convolutional neural networks based single-image super-resolution (SISR) has made great progress in recent years. However, it is difficult to apply these methods to real-world scenarios due to the computational and memory cost. Meanwhile, how to take full advantage of the intermediate features under the constraints of limited parameters and calculations is also a huge challenge. To alleviate these issues, we propose a lightweight yet efficient Feature Distillation Interaction Weighted Network (FDIWN). Specifically, FDIWN utilizes a series of specially designed Feature Shuffle Weighted Groups (…
