Surveys in the next decade will deliver large samples of galaxy clusters that transform our understanding of their formation. Cluster astrophysics and cosmology studies will become systematics limited with samples of this magnitude. With known properties, hydrodynamical simulations of clusters provide a vital resource for investigating potential systematics. However, this is only realized if we compare simulations to observations in the correct way. Here we introduce the \textsc{Mock-X} analysis framework, a multiwavelength tool that generates synthetic images from cosmological simulations and derives halo properties via observational methods. We detail our methods for generating optical, Compton-$y$ and X-ray images. Outlining our synthetic X-ray image analysis method, we demonstrate the capabilities of the framework by exploring hydrostatic mass bias for the IllustrisTNG, BAHAMAS and MACSIS simulations. Using simulation derived profiles we find an approximately constant bias $b\approx0.13$ with cluster mass, independent of hydrodynamical method or subgrid physics. However, the hydrostatic bias derived from synthetic observations is mass-dependent, increasing to $b=0.3$ for the most massive clusters. This result is driven by a single temperature fit to a spectrum produced by gas with a wide temperature distribution in quasi-pressure equilibrium. The spectroscopic temperature and mass estimate are biased low by cooler gas dominating the emission, due to its quadratic density dependence. The bias and the scatter in estimated mass remain independent of the numerical method and subgrid physics. Our results are consistent with current observations and future surveys will contain sufficient samples of massive clusters to confirm the mass dependence of the hydrostatic bias.
Fast and accurate Gaia-unWISE quasar mock catalogs from LPT and Eulerian bias
Université de Genève（日内瓦大学）；Universität Zürich（苏黎世大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利天体物理研究所）；Universidad de La Laguna（拉帕鲁尼亚大学）；Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University（斯坦福大学卡弗里粒子天体物理学与宇宙学研究所）；Institute of Astronomy and NAO, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences（保加利亚科学院天文与国家天文台研究所）；MTA–CSFK Lendület “Momentum” Large-Scale Structure (LSS) Research Group（匈牙利科学院-哥白尼天文所“动量”大尺度结构研究组）
A new step forward in realistic cluster lens mass modelling: Analysis of Hubble Frontier Field Cluster Abell S1063 from joint lensing, X-ray and galaxy kinematics data
The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury IV. A Probabilistic Approach to Inferring the High Mass Stellar Initial Mass Function and Other Power-law Functions
