几乎极度旋转的黑洞周围的宜居带（重访黑太阳）
Habitable zones around almost extremely spinning black holes (black sun revisited)
摘要：
我们分析了假设的系外行星在非常低的开普勒圆形轨道上的热力学，这些轨道靠近快速旋转的超大质量黑洞。这样的黑洞系外行星被强烈的蓝移和聚焦通量的传入宇宙微波背景（CMB）加热，并被包含黑洞阴影的局部天空的冷部分冷却。这就产生了温差，这可能会导致居住在黑洞系外行星上的假设生命形式远离热力学平衡的过程，类似于行星被母恒星的辐射加热而被夜空冷却的情况。我们发现，对于很低的开普勒圆轨道的半径范围很窄，非常高的自旋的超大质量黑洞，黑洞系外行星的温度制度对应于标准恒星周围的宜居带。因此，黑洞系外行星的热力学原理并不排除基于已知生物学的生命的存在。加热系外行星的CMB的多黑体光谱轮廓的峰值位于紫外波段，但很大一部分通量也在可见光和红外波段。在宜居带内运行的类地系外行星，要确保其能抵抗潮汐扰动，黑洞的最小质量估计为$1.63 \cdot 10^8 \, m_{\odot}$。
英文摘要：
We analyzed the thermodynamics of hypothetical exoplanets at very low Keplerian circular orbits in close vicinity of rapidly spinning supermassive black holes. Such black hole exoplanets are heated by strongly blueshifted and focused flux of the incoming cosmic microwave background (CMB) and cooled by the cold part of the local sky containing the black hole shadow. This gives rise to a temperature difference, which can drive processes far from thermodynamic equilibrium in a hypothetical life form inhabiting black hole exoplanets, similar to the case of a planet heated by the radiation of the parent star and cooled by the night sky. We found that for a narrow range of radii of very low Keplerian circular orbits and for very high spin of a supermassive black hole, the temperature regime of the black hole exoplanets corresponds to the habitable zone around standard stars. The thermodynamics of black hole exoplanets therefore, in principle, does not exclude the existence of life based on known biology. The peak of the multiblackbody spectral profile of the CMB heating the exoplanet is located in the ultraviolet band, but a significant fraction of the flux comes also in the visible and infrared bands. The minimum mass of a black hole ensuring the resistance to tidal disruption of an Earth-like exoplanet orbiting in the habitable zone is estimated to $1.63 \cdot 10^8 \, m_{\odot}$.
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