UV & U-band luminosity functions from CLAUDS and HSC-SSP -- I. Using four million galaxies to simultaneously constrain the very faint and bright regimes to $z \sim 3$
Thibaud Moutard, Marcin Sawicki, Stéphane Arnouts, Anneya Golob, Jean Coupon, Olivier Ilbert, Xiaohu Yang, Stephen Gwyn
备注：
18 pages, 11 figures (26 pages, 18 figures including the Appendix). Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Version to be published
We constrain the rest-frame FUV (1546Å), NUV (2345Å) and U-band (3690Å) luminosity functions (LFs) and luminosity densities (LDs) with unprecedented precision from $z\sim0.2$ to $z\sim3$ (FUV, NUV) and $z\sim2$ (U-band). Our sample of over 4.3 million galaxies, selected from the CFHT Large Area $U$-band Deep Survey (CLAUDS) and HyperSuprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) data lets us probe the very faint regime (down to $M_\mathrm{FUV},M_\mathrm{NUV},M_\mathrm{U} \simeq -15$ at low redshift) while simultaneously detecting very rare galaxies at the bright end down to comoving densities $<10^{-5}$ Mpc$^{-3}$. Our FUV and NUV LFs are well fitted by single Schechter functions, with faint-end slopes that are very stable up to $z\sim2$. We confirm, but self-consistently and with much better precision than previous studies, that the LDs at all three wavelengths increase rapidly with lookback time to $z\sim1$, and then much more slowly at $1<z<2$--$3$. Evolution of the FUV and NUV LFs and LDs at $z<1$ is driven almost entirely by the fading of the characteristic magnitude, $M^\star_{UV}$, while at $z>1$ it is due to the evolution of both $M^\star_{UV}$ and the characteristic number density $ϕ^\star_{UV}$. In contrast, the U-band LF has an excess of faint galaxies and is fitted with a double-Schechter form; $M^\star_\mathrm{U}$, both $ϕ^\star_\mathrm{U}$ components, and the bright-end slope evolve throughout $0.2<z<2$, while the faint-end slope is constant over at least the measurable $0.05<z<0.6$. We present tables of our Schechter parameters and LD measurements that can be used for testing theoretical galaxy evolution models and forecasting future observations.
We conduct a search for galaxy-scale strong gravitational lens systems in Data Release 4 of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC SSP), consisting of data taken up to the S21A semester. We select 103191 luminous red galaxies from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) sample that have deep multiband imaging from the HSC SSP and use the YattaLens algorithm to automatically identify lens candidates with blue arc-like features. The candidates are visually inspected and graded based on their likelihood of being a lens. We find 8 definite lenses, 28 probable lenses, and 13…
We present the combination of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CHFT) Large Area $U$-bands Deep Survey (CLAUDS) and the Hyper-Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) data over their four deep fields. We provide photometric catalogs for $u$, $u^*$ (CFHT--MegaCam), $g$, $r$, $i$, $z$, and $y$ (Subaru--HSC) bands over $\sim 20~{\rm deg}^2$, complemented in two fields by data from the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) Deep Extragalactic Observations (VIDEO) survey and the UltraVISTA survey, thus extending the wavelength coverage toward near-infrared with VI…
We report the largest sample of candidate strong gravitational lenses belonging to the Survey of Gravitationally-lensed Objects in HSC Imaging for group-to-cluster scale (SuGOHI-c) systems. These candidates are compiled from the S18A data release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) Survey. We visually inspect $\sim39,500$ galaxy clusters, selected from several catalogs, overlapping with the Wide, Deep, and UltraDeep fields, spanning the cluster redshift range $0.05<z_{cl}<1.38$. We discover 641 candidate lens systems, of which 536 are new. From the full sample, 47 are a…
Here we present a statistical study on tidal features around massive early-type galaxies (ETGs). Utilizing the imaging data of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP), we measure the flux fraction of tidal features ($f_{\rm tidal}$) in 2649 ETGs with stellar mass $M_*>10^{11}M_{\odot}$ and redshift $0.05<z<0.15$ using automated techniques. The Wide-layer of HSC-SSP reaches a depth of $\sim 28.5$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$ in $i$-band. Under this surface brightness limit, we find that about 28 % of these galaxies harbor prominent tidal features with $f_{\rm tidal}>1\%$, among which the …
Analysis of Galactic cirrus filaments in HSC-SSP high-resolution deep images using artificial neural networks
Central (Pulkovo) Astronomical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院中央（普尔科沃）天文台）；Saint Petersburg State University（圣彼得堡国立大学）；Astrophysical Research Consortium（天体物理研究联盟）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
We estimate the evolution of the galaxy-galaxy merger fraction for $M_\star>10^{10.5}M_\odot$ galaxies over $0.25<z<1$ in the $\sim$18.6 deg$^2$ deep CLAUDS+HSC-SSP surveys. We do this by training a Random Forest Classifier to identify merger candidates from a host of parametric morphological features, and then visually follow-up likely merger candidates to reach a high-purity, high-completeness merger sample. Correcting for redshift-dependent detection bias, we find that the merger fraction at $z=0$ is 1.0$\pm$0.2%, that the merger fraction evolves as $(1+z)^{2.3 \pm 0.4}$, and that a typical…
Photometric redshift (photo-z) is a fundamental parameter for multi-wavelength photometric surveys, while galaxy clusters are important cosmological probers and ideal objects for exploring the dense environmental impact on galaxy evolution. We extend our previous work on estimating photo-z and detecting galaxy clusters to the latest data releases of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) imaging surveys, Dark Energy Survey (DES), and Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) imaging surveys and make corresponding catalogs publicly available for more extensive scientific app…
A Wide and Deep Exploration of Radio-detected Active Galactic Nuclei with Subaru HSC (WERGS). XII. Final Optical Identification of VLASS Radio Sources from the Subaru/HSC-SSP Wide Survey Over 1200 deg$^2$
Hosei University（法政大学）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Tohoku University（东北大学）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Waseda University（早稻田大学）；Ehime University（爱媛大学）；Nagoya University（名古屋大学）
Searching for low-surface-brightness galaxies with compact neural networks A parameter-efficient approach to first-pass selection of diffuse galaxy in HSC-SSP imaging
We have conducted a comprehensive survey of emission-line galaxies at $z\lesssim1.6$ based on narrowband (NB) imaging data taken with Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) on the Subaru telescope. In this paper, we update the catalogs of H$α$, [OIII], and [OII] emission-line galaxies using the data from the second Public Data Release (PDR2) of Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) of HSC and Cosmic HydrOgen Reionization Unveiled with Subaru (CHORUS) survey along with the spectroscopic redshifts for 2,019 emission-line galaxies selected with the PDR1 data. The wider effective coverage of NB816 and NB921, 16.3 deg$^…
We present a new catalog of $9318$ Ly$α$ emitter (LAE) candidates at $z = 2.2$, $3.3$, $4.9$, $5.7$, $6.6$, and $7.0$ that are photometrically selected by the SILVERRUSH program with a machine learning technique from large area (up to $25.0$ deg$^2$) imaging data with six narrowband filters taken by the Subaru Strategic Program with Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC SSP) and a Subaru intensive program, Cosmic HydrOgen Reionization Unveiled with Subaru (CHORUS). We construct a convolutional neural network that distinguishes between real LAEs and contaminants with a completeness of $94$% and a contaminatio…
We report a discovery of $z = 4.72$ radio galaxy, HSC J083913.17+011308.1, by using the Lyman break technique with the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Survey (HSC-SSP) catalog for VLA FIRST radio sources. The number of known high-$z$ radio galaxies (HzRGs) at $z > 3$ is quite small to constrain the evolution of HzRGs so far. The deep and wide-area optical survey by HSC-SSP enables us to apply the Lyman break technique to a large search for HzRGs. For an HzRG candidate among pre-selected $r$-band dropouts with a radio detection, a follow-up optical spectroscopy with GMOS/Gemini has been perf…
We conduct intensity mapping to probe for extended diffuse Ly$α$ emission around Ly$α$ emitters (LAEs) at $z\sim2-7$, exploiting very deep ($\sim26$ mag at $5σ$) and large-area ($\sim4.5$ deg$^2$) Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam narrow-band (NB) images and large LAE catalogs consisting of a total of 1781 LAEs at $z=2.2$, $3.3$, $5.7$, and $6.6$ obtained by the HSC-SSP SILVERRUSH and CHORUS projects. We calculate the spatial correlations of these LAEs with $\sim1-2$ billion pixel flux values of the NB images, deriving the average Ly$α$ surface brightness (${\rm SB_{Lyα}}$) radial profiles around the L…
We report on a spectroscopic program to search for dual quasars using Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) images of SDSS quasars which represent an important stage during galaxy mergers. Using Subaru/FOCAS and Gemini-N/GMOS, we identify three new physically associated quasar pairs having projected separations less than 20 kpc, out of 26 observed candidates. These include the discovery of the highest redshift ($z=3.1$) quasar pair with a separation $<$ 10 kpc. Based on the sample acquired to date, the success rate of identifying physically associated dual quasars is $19\%$ when excluding stars based…
We report the result of optical identifications of FIRST radio sources with the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program survey (HSC-SSP). The positional cross-match within 1" between the FIRST and HSC-SSP catalogs (i ~< 26) produced more than 3600 optical counterparts in the 156 deg^2 of the HSC-SSP field. The matched counterparts account for more than 50% of the FIRST sources in the search field, which substantially exceed previously reported fractions of SDSS counterparts (i ~< 22) of ~30%. Among the matched sample, 9% are optically unresolved sources such as radio-loud quasars. The optic…
The Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC SSP) is an excellent survey for the search for strong lenses, thanks to its area, image quality and depth. We use three different methods to look for lenses among 43,000 luminous red galaxies from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) sample with photometry from the S16A internal data release of the HSC SSP. The first method is a newly developed algorithm, named YATTALENS, which looks for arc-like features around massive galaxies and then estimates the likelihood of an object being a lens by performing a lens model fit. The secon…
This paper presents a thousand passive spiral galaxy samples at $z=$ 0.01-0.3 based on a combined analysis of the Third Public Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP PDR3) and the GALEX-SDSS-WISE Legacy Catalog (GSWLC-2). Among 54871 $gri$ galaxy cutouts taken from the HSC-SSP PDR3 over 1072 deg$^2$, we conducted a search with deep-learning morphological classification for candidates of passive spirals below the star-forming main sequence derived by UV to mid-IR SED fitting in the GSWLC-2. We then classified the candidates into 1100 passive spirals and 1141 sec…
We present initial results from the Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) with Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) on a comprehensive survey of emission-line galaxies at z<1.5 based on narrowband (NB) imaging. The first Public Data Release (PDR1) provides us with data from two NB filters, specifically NB816 and NB921 over 5.7 deg$^2$ and 16.2 deg$^2$ respectively. The $5 σ$ limiting magnitudes are 25.2 (UDeep layer, 1.4 deg$^2$) and 24.8 (Deep layer, 4.3 deg$^2$) mag in NB816, and 25.1 (UDeep, 2.9 deg$^2$) and 24.6--24.8 (Deep, 13.3 deg$^2$) mag in NB921. The wide-field imaging allows us to construct unprecedent…
The progenitors of present-day galaxy clusters give important clues about the evolution of the large scale structure, cosmic mass assembly, and galaxy evolution. Simulations are a major tool for these studies since they are used to interpret observations. In this work, we introduce a set of "protocluster-lightcones", dubbed PCcones. They are mock galaxy catalogs generated from the Millennium Simulation with the L-GALAXIES semi-analytic model. These lightcones were constructed by placing a desired structure at the redshift of interest in the centre of the cone. This approach allows to adopt a s…
Photometric redshifts are a key component of many science objectives in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). In this paper, we describe and compare the codes used to compute photometric redshifts for HSC-SSP, how we calibrate them, and the typical accuracy we achieve with the HSC five-band photometry (grizy). We introduce a new point estimator based on an improved loss function and demonstrate that it works better than other commonly used estimators. We find that our photo-z's are most accurate at 0.2<~zphot<~1.5, where we can straddle the 4000A break. We achieve sigma(d_z…
We have carried out a systematic search for galaxy-scale strong lenses in multiband imaging from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. Our automated pipeline, based on realistic strong-lens simulations, deep neural network classification, and visual inspection, is aimed at efficiently selecting systems with wide image separations (Einstein radii ~1.0-3.0"), intermediate redshift lenses (z ~ 0.4-0.7), and bright arcs for galaxy evolution and cosmology. We classified gri images of all 62.5 million galaxies in HSC Wide with i-band Kron radius >0.8" to avoid strict pre-selections and to prepare for …
With a booming number of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered within a few days of their explosions, a fraction of SNe Ia that show luminosity excess in the early phase (early-excess SNe Ia) have been confirmed. In this article, we report early-phase observations of seven photometrically normal SNe Ia (six early detections and one deep non-detection limit) at the COSMOS field through a half-year transient survey as a part of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC SSP). In particular, a blue light-curve excess was discovered for HSC17bmhk, a normal SN Ia with rise time longer tha…
Spectroscopic confirmation of dual and offset quasars from the Subaru HSC-SSP program
School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton（南安普顿大学物理与天文学院）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo（东京大学宇宙物理数学研究所（WPI））；Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo（东京大学理学部天文学系）；Center for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMU (WPI), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo（东京大学UTIAS卡弗里IPMU数据驱动发现中心）；Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学物理与天文学系天体科学中心）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校天文学与天体物理学系）；School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University（武汉大学物理科学与技术学院）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；Waseda Institute for Advanced Study (WIAS), Waseda University（早稻田大学高等研究院）
Using the extended halo-based group finder developed by Yang et al. (2021), which is able to deal with galaxies via spectroscopic and photometric redshifts simultaneously, we construct galaxy group and candidate protocluster catalogs in a wide redshift range ($0 < z < 6$) from the joint CFHT Large Area $U$-band Deep Survey (CLAUDS) and Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) deep data set. Based on a selection of 5,607,052 galaxies with $i$-band magnitude $m_{i} < 26$ and a sky coverage of $34.41\ {\rm deg}^2$, we identify a total of 2,232,134 groups, within which 402,947 groups h…
Classifying catalog objects as stars, galaxies, or AGN is a crucial part of any statistical study of galaxies. We describe our pipeline for binary (star/galaxy) and multiclass (star/galaxy/Type I AGN/Type II AGN) classification developed for the very deep CLAUDS+HSC-SSP $u^*grizy$ dataset. Our method uses the XGBoost implementation of Gradient Boosted Trees (GBT) to train ensembles of models which take photometry, colours, maximum surface brightnesses, and effective radii from all available bands as input, and output the probability that an object belongs to each of the classes under considera…
We study the UV luminosity functions (LFs) at $z\sim 4$, $5$, $6,$ and $7$ based on the deep large-area optical images taken by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru strategic program (SSP). On the 100 deg$^2$ sky of the HSC SSP data available to date, we make enormous samples consisting of a total of 579,565 dropout candidates at $z\sim 4-7$ by the standard color selection technique, 358 out of which are spectroscopically confirmed by our follow-up spectroscopy and other studies. We obtain UV LFs at $z \sim 4-7$ that span a very wide UV luminosity range of $\sim 0.002 - 100 \, L_{\rm UV}^\ast$ (…
We study variability of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) by using the deep optical multiband photometry data obtained from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC SSP) survey in the COSMOS field. The images analyzed here were taken with 8, 10, 13, and 15 epochs over three years in the $g$, $r$, $i$, and $z$ bands, respectively. We identified 491 robust variable AGN candidates, down to $i=25$ mag and with redshift up to $4.26$. Ninety percent of the variability-selected AGNs are individually identified with the X-ray sources detected in the Chandra COSMOS Legacy survey. We investigate …
Star-forming clump detection in nearby galaxies using Faster R-CNN and $ugrizy$ imaging data from CLAUDS and HSC-SSP
The Open University（开放大学）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Lancaster University（兰卡斯特大学）；California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院）
利用深度学习的目标检测模型，通过Faster R - CNN处理$ugrizy$波段图像，检测低红移星系中潜在恒星形成团块，验证了模型的检测完整性和纯度，还展示了Zoobot在目标检测下游任务中的应用。
HectoMAP is a dense redshift survey of 95,403 galaxies based primarily on MMT spectroscopy with a median redshift $z = 0.345$. The survey covers 54.64 square degrees in a 1.5$^\circ$ wide strip across the northern sky centered at a declination of 43.25$^\circ$. We report the redshift, the spectral indicator D$_{n}$4000, and the stellar mass. The red selected survey is 81\% complete for 55,962 galaxies with $(g-r) > 1$ and $r <20.5$; it is 72\% complete for 32,908 galaxies with $(g-r) > 1$, $(r-i) > 0.5$ and $20.5 < r < 21.3$. Comparison of the survey basis SDSS photometry with the HSC-SSP phot…
SILVERRUSH. XIV. Lya Luminosity Functions and Angular Correlation Functions from ~20,000 Lya Emitters at z~2.2-7.3 from upto 24 ${\rm deg}^2$ HSC-SSP and CHORUS Surveys: Linking the Post-Reionization Epoch to the Heart of Reionization
To determine the dominant sources for cosmic reionization, the evolution history of the global ionizing fraction, and the topology of the ionized regions, we have conducted a deep imaging survey using four narrow-band (NB) and one intermediate-band (IB) filters on the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC), called Cosmic HydrOgen Reionization Unveiled with Subaru (CHORUS). The central wavelengths and full-widths-at-half-maximum of the CHORUS filters are, respectively, 386.2 nm and 5.5 nm for NB387, 526.0 nm and 7.9 nm for NB527, 717.1 nm and 11.1 nm for NB718, 946.2 nm and 33.0 nm for IB945, and 971.2…
Environment of SDSS quasars at $z=0.4$$-$$1.0$ explored by Subaru HSC
Ehime University（爱媛大学）；Research Center for Space and Cosmic Evolution, Ehime University（爱媛大学宇宙演化研究中心）；Amanogawa Galaxy Astronomy Research Center, Kagoshima University（鹿儿大学银河天文学研究中心）；National Astronomical Observatory of Japan（日本国立天文台）；Department of Advanced Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University（法政大学理工学部先进科学系）；School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University（关西学院大学理学部）；Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University（东北大学天文研究所）；Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University（立命馆大学物理科学系）；Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics（中央研究院天文及天文物理研究所）
The CFHT Large Area U-band Deep Survey (CLAUDS) uses data taken with the MegaCam mosaic imager on CFHT to produce images of 18.60 deg2 with median seeing of FWHM=0.92 arcsec and to a median depth of U = 27.1 AB (5 sigma in 2 arcsec apertures), with selected areas that total 1.36 deg2 reaching a median depth of U=27.7 AB. These are the deepest U-band images assembled to date over this large an area. These data are located in four fields also imaged to comparably faint levels in grizy and several narrowband filters as part of the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). These …
We present the quasar luminosity function at $z \sim 5$ derived from the optical wide-field survey data obtained as a part of the Subaru strategic program (SSP) with Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC). From $\sim$81.8 deg$^2$ area in the Wide layer of the HSC-SSP survey, we selected 224 candidates of low-luminosity quasars at $z \sim 5$ by adopting the Lyman-break method down to $i = 24.1$ mag. Based on our candidates and spectroscopically-confirmed quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we derived the quasar luminosity function at $z \sim 5$ covering a wide luminosity range of $-28.76 < M_{\r…
We present the results from a search for new Milky Way (MW) satellites from the first two years of data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) $\sim 300$~deg$^2$ and report the discovery of a highly compelling ultra-faint dwarf galaxy candidate in Cetus. This is the second ultra-faint dwarf we have discovered after Virgo~I reported in our previous paper. This satellite, Cetus~III, has been identified as a statistically significant (10.7$σ$) spatial overdensity of star-like objects, which are selected from a relevant isochrone filter designed for a metal-poor and old st…
We present the deepest optical images of the COSMOS field based on a joint dataset taken with Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) by the HSC Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) team and the University of Hawaii (UH). The COSMOS field is one of the key extragalactic fields with a wealth of deep, multi-wavelength data. However, the current optical data are not sufficiently deep to match with, e.g., the UltraVista data in the near-infrared. The SSP team and UH have joined forces to produce very deep optical images of the COSMOS field by combining data from both teams. The coadd images reach depths of g=27.8, r=27…
We conduct a systematic search for galaxy protoclusters at $z\sim3.8$ based on the latest internal data release (S16A) of the Hyper SuprimeCam Subaru strategic program (HSC-SSP). In the Wide layer of the HSC-SSP, we investigate the large-scale projected sky distribution of $g$-dropout galaxies over an area of $121\,\mathrm{deg^2}$, and identify 216 large-scale overdense regions ($>4σ$ overdensity significance) that are good protocluster candidates. Of these, 37 are located within $8\,\mathrm{arcmin}$ ($3.4\,\mathrm{physicalMpc}$) from other protocluster candidates of higher overdensity, and ar…
We present the environmental dependence of colour, stellar mass, and star formation (SF) activity in H-alpha-selected galaxies along the large-scale structure at z=0.4 hosting twin clusters in DEEP2-3 field, discovered by Subaru Strategic Programme of Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC SSP). By combining photo-z selected galaxies and H-alpha emitters selected with broad-band and narrow-band (NB) data of the recent data release of HSC SSP (DR1), we confirm that galaxies in higher-density environments or galaxies in the cluster central regions show redder colours. We find that there still remains a possible…
Subaru Strategic Program with the Hyper-Suprime Cam (HSC-SSP) has proven to be successful with its extremely-wide area coverage in past years. Taking advantages of this feature, we report initial results from exploration and research of expansive over- and under-dense structures at $z=$ 0.3-1 based on the second Public Data Release where optical 5-band photometric data for $\sim$ eight million sources with $i<23$ mag are available over $\sim360$ square degrees. We not only confirm known superclusters but also find candidates of titanic over- and under-dense regions out to $z=1$. The mock data …
We investigated the properties of AGN environments, particularly environments where the association of luminous galaxies (LGs) is found within 4~Mpc from AGNs with redshifts of 0.8 -- 1.1. For comparison, three additional AGN environments, (namely, AGNs of all types, type~1 AGNs with X-ray and/or radio detection, and type~2 AGNs) and an environment of blue $M_{*}$, characteristic luminosity of the Schechter function, galaxies were investigated. The cross-correlation function with the surrounding galaxies was measured and compared between the AGN and blue galaxy samples. We also compared the di…
