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arXiv 2001.04386astro-ph.GA
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人马座A* 的自行:III。超大质量黑洞

The Proper Motion of Sagittarius A*: III. The Case for a Supermassive Black Hole

M. J. Reid, A. Brunthaler

摘要:

我们报告测量与甚长基线阵列的自行Sgr A* 相对于两个河外射电源跨越18年。Sgr A* 的视运动是-6.411 +/- 0.008 mas/yr沿银河平面和-0.219 +/- 0.007 mas/yr向北银河极点。这种明显的运动几乎可以完全归因于太阳绕银河系中心的轨道的影响。去除这些影响后,银河系自转方向的残差为-0.58 +/- 2.23 km/s,银河系北极方向的残差为-0.85 +/- 0.75 km/s。对银河系中心星团内的大质量天体在银河平面内和垂直于银河平面的运动进行最大似然分析表明,辐射源Sgr A* 包含的引力质量(4 x 10^6 Msun)约为从恒星轨道推导出的25%以上。Sgr A* 的内禀大小与其史瓦西半径相当,其隐含的质量密度大于4 x 10^23 Msun/pc^-3,非常接近于黑洞的预期值,这为它确实是一个超大质量黑洞提供了压倒性的证据。最后,在距离人马座A* 约0.003 ~ 0.1 pc之间,质量大于3 × 10^4 Msun的“中等质量”黑洞的存在被排除。

英文摘要:

We report measurements with the Very Long Baseline Array of the proper motion of Sgr A* relative to two extragalactic radio sources spanning 18 years. The apparent motion of Sgr A* is -6.411 +/- 0.008 mas/yr along the Galactic plane and -0.219 +/- 0.007 mas/yr toward the North Galactic Pole. This apparent motion can almost entirely be attributed to the effects of the Sun's orbit about the Galactic center. Removing these effects yields residuals of -0.58 +/- 2.23 km/s in the direction of Galactic rotation and -0.85 +/- 0.75 km/s toward the North Galactic Pole. A maximum-likelihood analysis of the motion, both in the Galactic plane and perpendicular to it, expected for a massive object within the Galactic center stellar cluster indicates that the radiative source, Sgr A*, contains more than about 25% of the gravitational mass of 4 x 10^6 Msun deduced from stellar orbits. The intrinsic size of Sgr A* is comparable to its Schwarzschild radius, and the implied mass density of >4 x 10^23 Msun/pc^-3 very close to that expected for a black hole, providing overwhelming evidence that it is indeed a super-massive black hole. Finally, the existence of "intermediate-mass" black holes more massive than 3 x 10^4 Msun between approximately 0.003 and 0.1 pc from Sgr A*are excluded.

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