主要加密货币的股权转移：实证研究
Stake Shift in Major Cryptocurrencies: An Empirical Study
摘要：
在用于维护去中心化、无需许可的加密货币的权益证明（PoS）范式中，通过将协议执行中的角色分布基于账本本身记录的权益分布来防止Sybil攻击。然而，由于各种原因，这种分配不能完全更新，从而在当前的股份分配（其决定了各方的当前激励）与协议所使用的股份分配之间引入了差距。在本文中，我们调查这个问题，并实证量化其影响。我们调查了现有的可证明安全的PoS提案，观察到两个权益分配之间的上述时间间隔，我们称之为权益分配滞后，对于每个协议来说都有几天。在此基础上，我们调查了四种主要加密货币（比特币，比特币现金，莱特币和Zcash）的分类账，并计算了1到14天之间每个股权分布滞后值的平均股权转移（两种分布的统计距离）以及相关统计数据。我们还实证量化了股权转移的次线性增长与所考虑的滞后间隔的长度。最后，我们将注意力转向这些货币中不寻常的股权转移峰值：我们观察到，硬分叉引发了重大的股权转移，而单一的现实世界参与者，主要是交易所，在现有的加密货币生态系统中占了主要的股权转移。
英文摘要：
In the proof-of-stake (PoS) paradigm for maintaining decentralized, permissionless cryptocurrencies, Sybil attacks are prevented by basing the distribution of roles in the protocol execution on the stake distribution recorded in the ledger itself. However, for various reasons this distribution cannot be completely up-to-date, introducing a gap between the present stake distribution, which determines the parties' current incentives, and the one used by the protocol. In this paper, we investigate this issue, and empirically quantify its effects. We survey existing provably secure PoS proposals to observe that the above time gap between the two stake distributions, which we call stake distribution lag, amounts to several days for each of these protocols. Based on this, we investigate the ledgers of four major cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Litecoin and Zcash) and compute the average stake shift (the statistical distance of the two distributions) for each value of stake distribution lag between 1 and 14 days, as well as related statistics. We also empirically quantify the sublinear growth of stake shift with the length of the considered lag interval. Finally, we turn our attention to unusual stake-shift spikes in these currencies: we observe that hard forks trigger major stake shifts and that single real-world actors, mostly exchanges, account for major stake shifts in established cryptocurrency ecosystems.
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