Confinement describes the phenomenon when the attraction between two particles grows with their distance, most prominently found in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) between quarks. In condensed matter physics, confinement can appear in quantum spin chains, for example, in the one dimensional transverse field Ising model (TFIM) with an additional longitudinal field, famously observed in the quantum material cobalt niobate or in optical lattices. Here, we establish that state-of-the-art quantum computers have reached quantum simulation capabilities to explore confinement physics in spin chains. We report quantitative confinement signatures of the TFIM on an IBM quantum computer observed via two distinct velocities for information propagation from domain walls and their mesonic bound states. We also find the confinement induced slow down of entanglement spreading by implementing randomized measurement protocols for the second order Renyi entanglement entropy. Our results are a crucial step for probing non-perturbative interacting quantum phenomena on digital quantum computers beyond the capabilities of classical hardware.
BCS-BEC crossover in trapped one-dimensional Fermi-Hubbard chains: entanglement and correlation signatures from DMRG and effective-pairing theory
Charles University（查理大学）；São Paulo State University (UNESP)（圣保罗州立大学）；The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)（阿卜杜斯·萨拉姆国际理论物理中心）；Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology（冲绳科学技术大学院大学）；Universidade Federal Fluminense（弗鲁米嫩塞联邦大学）
Probing confinement in a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ lattice gauge theory on a quantum computer
University of Trento（特伦托大学）；INFN-TIFPA, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications（意大利国家核物理研究所-特伦托基础物理与应用研究所）；Google Quantum AI（谷歌量子人工智能）；Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST)（慕尼黑量子科学与技术中心）
Improved Ising Meson Spectroscopy Simulation on a Noisy Digital Quantum Device
National Taiwan University（国立台湾大学）；Center for Theoretical Physics, National Taiwan University（国立台湾大学理论物理中心）；Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST)（慕尼黑量子科学与技术中心）；Imperial College London（伦敦帝国理工学院）
Emergent Symmetry-Protected Topological Phases via Polyakov Confinement in Quantum Spin Systems
National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University（南京大学固体微结构物理实验室和物理系）；Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University（南京大学先进微结构协同创新中心）；Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Quantum Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University（南京大学江苏省量子信息科学与技术重点实验室）
