多重网络量化了心理词汇对灾难性概念失败、失语症退化和衰老的鲁棒性
Multiplex networks quantify robustness of the mental lexicon to catastrophic concept failures, aphasic degradation and ageing
摘要：
概念及其心理联系影响着语言的处理和使用。网络代表了探索这种认知系统的强大模型，称为心理词汇。本研究探讨了词汇的鲁棒性与多重网络攻击的渐进词失败。一个成年英语使用者的平均词汇量是由16000个单词组成的，这些单词通过语义自由联想和语音相似性连接在一起。渐进的结构退化被建模为随机和有针对性的攻击。具有较高心理语言学特征（如频率、长度、习得年龄、一词多义）或网络中心性（如接近度、PageRank、介数和程度）的词被首先定位。这里介绍了失语症引发的攻击，目标是正确命名的第一个单词，或多或少，由命名性失语症患者，一种破坏单词发现的病理学。鲁棒性被测量为连通性，激活扩散和词汇检索的基础，以及可行性，识别语言内核的多层连接性。词汇对随机的、失语症引起的和心理语言学的攻击具有弹性。灾难性的相变发生时，语音和语义程度相结合，使词汇脆弱的多程度的攻击。可行的内核对于多PageRank和失语症启发的攻击是脆弱的。因此，在词汇的连通性介导的枢纽，而可行性，使词汇语义/语音的相互作用，并对应于一个促进命名失语症的效果。这些影响也持续通过老化，在不同的网络表示的年轻和老年人的词汇。本研究表明，在设计有效的语言恢复策略对抗认知损伤时，需要防止心理词汇中的高多度和可行词的失败。
英文摘要：
Concepts and their mental associations influence how language is processed and used. Networks represent powerful models for exploring such cognitive system, known as mental lexicon. This study investigates lexicon robustness to progressive word failure with multiplex network attacks. The average lexicon of an adult English speaker is built by considering 16000 words connected through semantic free associations and phonological sound similarities. Progressive structural degradation is modelled as random and targeted attacks. Words with higher psycholinguistic features (e.g. frequency, length, age of acquisition, polysemy) or network centrality (e.g. closeness, PageRank, betweenness and degree) are targeted first. Aphasia-inspired attacks are introduced here and target first words named correctly, more or less frequently, by patients with anomic aphasia, a pathology disrupting word finding. Robustness is measured as connectedness, fundamental for activation spreading and lexical retrieval, and viability, a multi-layer connectivity identifying language kernels. The lexicon is resilient to random, aphasia-inspired and psycholinguistic attacks. Catastrophic phase transitions happen when phonological and semantic degrees are combined, making the lexicon fragile to multidegree attacks. The viable kernel is fragile to multi-PageRank and to aphasia-inspired attacks. Consequently, connectedness in the lexicon is mediated by hubs, whereas viability enables a lexical semantic/phonological interplay and corresponds to a facilitative naming effect in aphasia. These effects persist also through ageing, in different network representations of younger and older lexicons. This study indicates the need to prevent failure of high multidegree and viable words in the mental lexicon when pursuing the design of effective language restoration strategies against cognitive impairing.
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