引力束缚系统中引力波耗散的上限
Upper Limit on the Dissipation of Gravitational Waves in Gravitationally Bound Systems
摘要：
结果表明，一个具有一维速度色散σ的引力束缚系统最多能耗散通过它传播的引力波能量的~36（σ/c）^3，即使它们的动力学时间比波周期短。对于平均自由程等于系统大小的粒子，例如星系团中的热质子、晕中强相互作用的暗物质粒子或星系团中的大质量黑洞，极限是饱和的。对于这样的随机运动和没有共振的系统，耗散分数<10^{-6}，并没有降低引力波作为宇宙学探测器的使用。在高波频率下，耗散部分还受到碰撞频率与波频率之比的平方的抑制。由耗散产生的电磁对应物太微弱，在宇宙学距离上无法检测到。
英文摘要：
It is shown that a gravitationally bound system with a one-dimensional velocity dispersion sigma can at most dissipate a fraction ~36(sigma/c)^3 of the gravitational wave energy propagating through it, even if their dynamical time is shorter than the wave period. The limit is saturated for particles with a mean-free-path equal to the size of the system, such as hot protons in galaxy clusters, strongly-interacting dark matter particles in halos, or massive black holes in clusters. For such systems with random motions and no resonances, the dissipated fraction, <10^{-6}, does not degrade the use of gravitational waves as cosmological probes. At high wave frequencies, the dissipated fraction is additionally suppressed by the square of the ratio between the collision frequency and the wave frequency. The electromagnetic counterparts that result from the dissipation are too faint to be detectable at cosmological distances.
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