化解对科学实在论的终极历史挑战
Disarming the Ultimate Historical Challenge to Scientific Realism
摘要：
对科学实在论最具戏剧性的历史挑战，可能是阿诺德·索末菲（Arnold Sommerfeld）1916年对氢原子精细结构能级的推导。他不仅预言得很好，而且推导出了与狄拉克1928年的理论完全相同的公式，这是用1925年的薛定谔-海森堡量子力学不可能做到的。然而，索末菲理论中最核心的元素甚至都不是近似正确的：他的推导严重依赖于椭圆轨道的经典方法，包括相对论所要求的对这些轨道的必要调整。就连物理学家也把索末菲的成功称为“奇迹”，这是对所谓“无奇迹论”的嘲弄。然而，这一切都可以扭转。在这里，我认为，现实主义者有一个故事，告诉相对于新旧理论之间的不连续性，导致现实主义的辩护基于足够的连续性的相关结构。
英文摘要：
Probably the most dramatic historical challenge to scientific realism concerns Arnold Sommerfeld's 1916 derivation of the fine structure energy levels of hydrogen. Not only were his predictions good, he derived exactly the same formula that would later drop out of Dirac's 1928 treatment, something not possible using 1925 Schroedinger-Heisenberg quantum mechanics. And yet the most central elements of Sommerfeld's theory were not even approximately true: his derivation leans heavily on a classical approach to elliptical orbits, including the necessary adjustments to these orbits demanded by relativity. Even physicists call Sommerfeld's success a 'miracle', which rather makes a joke of the so-called 'no miracles argument'. However, this can all be turned around. Here I argue that the realist has a story to tell vis-a-vis the discontinuities between the old and the new theory, leading to a realist defence based on sufficient continuity of relevant structure.
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