Human activity videos involve rich, varied interactions between people and objects. In this paper we develop methods for generating such videos -- making progress toward addressing the important, open problem of video generation in complex scenes. In particular, we introduce the task of generating human-object interaction videos in a zero-shot compositional setting, i.e., generating videos for action-object compositions that are unseen during training, having seen the target action and target object separately. This setting is particularly important for generalization in human activity video generation, obviating the need to observe every possible action-object combination in training and thus avoiding the combinatorial explosion involved in modeling complex scenes. To generate human-object interaction videos, we propose a novel adversarial framework HOI-GAN which includes multiple discriminators focusing on different aspects of a video. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework, we perform extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluation on two challenging datasets: EPIC-Kitchens and 20BN-Something-Something v2.
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；Amsterdam Machine Learning Lab（阿姆斯特丹机器学习实验室）；Saarland Informatics Campus（萨尔兰信息学园区）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
When labeled training data is scarce, a promising data augmentation approach is to generate visual features of unknown classes using their attributes. To learn the class conditional distribution of CNN features, these models rely on pairs of image features and class attributes. Hence, they can not make use of the abundance of unlabeled data samples. In this paper, we tackle any-shot learning problems i.e. zero-shot and few-shot, in a unified feature generating framework that operates in both inductive and transductive learning settings. We develop a conditional generative model that combines t…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；Amsterdam Machine Learning Lab（阿姆斯特丹机器学习实验室）；Saarland Informatics Campus（萨尔兰信息学园区）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
Suffering from the extreme training data imbalance between seen and unseen classes, most of existing state-of-the-art approaches fail to achieve satisfactory results for the challenging generalized zero-shot learning task. To circumvent the need for labeled examples of unseen classes, we propose a novel generative adversarial network (GAN) that synthesizes CNN features conditioned on class-level semantic information, offering a shortcut directly from a semantic descriptor of a class to a class-conditional feature distribution. Our proposed approach, pairing a Wasserstein GAN with a classificat…
The Pictorial Cortex: Zero-Shot Cross-Subject fMRI-to-Image Reconstruction via Compositional Latent Modeling
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University（脑启发智能科学与技术研究院，复旦大学）；School of Data Science, Fudan University（复旦大学数据科学学院）；Fudan ISTBI–ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University（复旦ISTBI-浙师大脑启发智能算法中心，浙江师范大学）；Shanghai Innovation Institute（上海创新研究院）；Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学）
BRICKS: Compositional Neural Markov Kernels for Zero-Shot Radiation-Matter Simulation
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑技术大学）；Max-Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences（马克斯·普朗克数学研究所）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory（斯坦福直线加速器实验室）；Haifa University（海法大学）；Department of Physics（物理系）；Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur（印度理工学院坎普尔分校）；Munich Center for Machine Learning（慕尼黑机器学习中心）
University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center（IBM托马斯·J·沃森研究中心）
In this paper, we propose Text2Scene, a model that generates various forms of compositional scene representations from natural language descriptions. Unlike recent works, our method does NOT use Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). Text2Scene instead learns to sequentially generate objects and their attributes (location, size, appearance, etc) at every time step by attending to different parts of the input text and the current status of the generated scene. We show that under minor modifications, the proposed framework can handle the generation of different forms of scene representations, i…
Visual concepts (e.g., red apple, big elephant) are often semantically compositional and each element of the compositions can be reused to construct novel concepts (e.g., red elephant). Compositional feature synthesis, which generates image feature distributions exploiting the semantic compositionality, is a promising approach to sample-efficient model generalization. In this work, we propose a task-aware feature generation (TFG) framework for compositional learning, which generates features of novel visual concepts by transferring knowledge from previously seen concepts. These synthetic featu…
University of Tübingen（蒂宾根大学）；TU München（慕尼黑工业大学）；MPI for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；MPI for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）
Compositional Zero-Shot learning (CZSL) requires to recognize state-object compositions unseen during training. In this work, instead of assuming prior knowledge about the unseen compositions, we operate in the open world setting, where the search space includes a large number of unseen compositions some of which might be unfeasible. In this setting, we start from the cosine similarity between visual features and compositional embeddings. After estimating the feasibility score of each composition, we use these scores to either directly mask the output space or as a margin for the cosine simila…
Mila（米拉研究所）；Université de Montréal（蒙特利尔大学）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）
In this work we study locality and compositionality in the context of learning representations for Zero Shot Learning (ZSL). In order to well-isolate the importance of these properties in learned representations, we impose the additional constraint that, differently from most recent work in ZSL, no pre-training on different datasets (e.g. ImageNet) is performed. The results of our experiments show how locality, in terms of small parts of the input, and compositionality, i.e. how well can the learned representations be expressed as a function of a smaller vocabulary, are both deeply related to …
Humans are good at compositional zero-shot reasoning; someone who has never seen a zebra before could nevertheless recognize one when we tell them it looks like a horse with black and white stripes. Machine learning systems, on the other hand, usually leverage spurious correlations in the training data, and while such correlations can help recognize objects in context, they hurt generalization. To be able to deal with underspecified datasets while still leveraging contextual clues during classification, we propose ProtoProp, a novel prototype propagation graph method. First we learn prototypic…
Mila, University of Montreal（米拉-蒙特利尔大学联合实验室）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）；Microsoft Research（微软研究院）
Zero-shot classification is a generalization task where no instance from the target classes is seen during training. To allow for test-time transfer, each class is annotated with semantic information, commonly in the form of attributes or text descriptions. While classical zero-shot learning does not explicitly forbid using information from other datasets, the approaches that achieve the best absolute performance on image benchmarks rely on features extracted from encoders pretrained on Imagenet. This approach relies on hyper-optimized Imagenet-relevant parameters from the supervised classific…
Technische Universität München（慕尼黑工业大学）；Mercateo AG（Mercateo股份公司）
Humans are able to identify and categorize novel compositions of known concepts. The task in Compositional Zero-Shot learning (CZSL) is to learn composition of primitive concepts, i.e. objects and states, in such a way that even their novel compositions can be zero-shot classified. In this work, we do not assume any prior knowledge on the feasibility of novel compositions i.e.open-world setting, where infeasible compositions dominate the search space. We propose a Compositional Variational Graph Autoencoder (CVGAE) approach for learning the variational embeddings of the primitive concepts (nod…
Compositional zero-shot learning aims to recognize unseen compositions of seen visual primitives of object classes and their states. While all primitives (states and objects) are observable during training in some combination, their complex interaction makes this task especially hard. For example, wet changes the visual appearance of a dog very differently from a bicycle. Furthermore, we argue that relationships between compositions go beyond shared states or objects. A cluttered office can contain a busy table; even though these compositions don't share a state or object, the presence of a bu…
We propose Recognition as Part Composition (RPC), an image encoding approach inspired by human cognition. It is based on the cognitive theory that humans recognize complex objects by components, and that they build a small compact vocabulary of concepts to represent each instance with. RPC encodes images by first decomposing them into salient parts, and then encoding each part as a mixture of a small number of prototypes, each representing a certain concept. We find that this type of learning inspired by human cognition can overcome hurdles faced by deep convolutional networks in low-shot gene…
University of Tübingen（图宾根大学）；MPI for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；TUM（慕尼黑工业大学）；Google（谷歌）；MPI for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）
In compositional zero-shot learning, the goal is to recognize unseen compositions (e.g. old dog) of observed visual primitives states (e.g. old, cute) and objects (e.g. car, dog) in the training set. This is challenging because the same state can for example alter the visual appearance of a dog drastically differently from a car. As a solution, we propose a novel graph formulation called Compositional Graph Embedding (CGE) that learns image features, compositional classifiers, and latent representations of visual primitives in an end-to-end manner. The key to our approach is exploiting the dep…
Michigan State University（密歇根州立大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）
In this paper, we study the problem of recognizing compositional attribute-object concepts within the zero-shot learning (ZSL) framework. We propose an episode-based cross-attention (EpiCA) network which combines merits of cross-attention mechanism and episode-based training strategy to recognize novel compositional concepts. Firstly, EpiCA bases on cross-attention to correlate concept-visual information and utilizes the gated pooling layer to build contextualized representations for both images and concepts. The updated representations are used for a more in-depth multi-modal relevance calcul…
Parts represent a basic unit of geometric and semantic similarity across different objects. We argue that part knowledge should be composable beyond the observed object classes. Towards this, we present 3D Compositional Zero-shot Learning as a problem of part generalization from seen to unseen object classes for semantic segmentation. We provide a structured study through benchmarking the task with the proposed Compositional-PartNet dataset. This dataset is created by processing the original PartNet to maximize part overlap across different objects. The existing point cloud part segmentation m…
Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) aims to recognize unseen compositions formed from seen state and object during training. Since the same state may be various in the visual appearance while entangled with different objects, CZSL is still a challenging task. Some methods recognize state and object with two trained classifiers, ignoring the impact of the interaction between object and state; the other methods try to learn the joint representation of the state-object compositions, leading to the domain gap between seen and unseen composition sets. In this paper, we propose a novel Siamese C…
This paper investigates the problem of zero-shot action recognition, in the setting where no training videos with seen actions are available. For this challenging scenario, the current leading approach is to transfer knowledge from the image domain by recognizing objects in videos using pre-trained networks, followed by a semantic matching between objects and actions. Where objects provide a local view on the content in videos, in this work we also seek to include a global view of the scene in which actions occur. We find that scenes on their own are also capable of recognizing unseen actions,…
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院空天信息创新研究院）
Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) aims to recognize novel compositions using knowledge learned from seen attribute-object compositions in the training set. Previous works mainly project an image and a composition into a common embedding space to measure their compatibility score. However, both attributes and objects share the visual representations learned above, leading the model to exploit spurious correlations and bias towards seen pairs. Instead, we reconsider CZSL as an out-of-distribution generalization problem. If an object is treated as a domain, we can learn object-invariant fea…
University of Tübingen（蒂宾根大学）；ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；MPI for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）
Compositional Zero-Shot learning (CZSL) aims to recognize unseen compositions of state and object visual primitives seen during training. A problem with standard CZSL is the assumption of knowing which unseen compositions will be available at test time. In this work, we overcome this assumption operating on the open world setting, where no limit is imposed on the compositional space at test time, and the search space contains a large number of unseen compositions. To address this problem, we propose a new approach, Compositional Cosine Graph Embeddings (Co-CGE), based on two principles. First,…
University of Tübingen（图宾根大学）；Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems（马克斯·普朗克智能系统研究所）
The goal of open-world compositional zero-shot learning (OW-CZSL) is to recognize compositions of state and objects in images, given only a subset of them during training and no prior on the unseen compositions. In this setting, models operate on a huge output space, containing all possible state-object compositions. While previous works tackle the problem by learning embeddings for the compositions jointly, here we revisit a simple CZSL baseline and predict the primitives, i.e. states and objects, independently. To ensure that the model develops primitive-specific features, we equip the state…
Information Technology University（信息科技大学）；University of Ontario Institute of Technology（安大略理工大学）；Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）
Compositional zero-shot learning (CZSL) aims at learning visual concepts (i.e., attributes and objects) from seen compositions and combining concept knowledge into unseen compositions. The key to CZSL is learning the disentanglement of the attribute-object composition. To this end, we propose to exploit cross-attentions as compositional disentanglers to learn disentangled concept embeddings. For example, if we want to recognize an unseen composition "yellow flower", we can learn the attribute concept "yellow" and object concept "flower" from different yellow objects and different flowers respe…
University of Queensland（昆士兰大学）；Mila, University of Montreal（蒙特利尔大学Mila）；Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab（华为诺亚方舟实验室）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）；Samsung AI Research Center, Toronto（多伦多三星人工智能研究中心）
The impressive performance of deep convolutional neural networks in single-view 3D reconstruction suggests that these models perform non-trivial reasoning about the 3D structure of the output space. However, recent work has challenged this belief, showing that complex encoder-decoder architectures perform similarly to nearest-neighbor baselines or simple linear decoder models that exploit large amounts of per category data in standard benchmarks. On the other hand settings where 3D shape must be inferred for new categories with few examples are more natural and require models that generalize a…
Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University（东北大学库理计算机学院）
We develop a novel compositional generative model for zero- and few-shot learning to recognize fine-grained classes with a few or no training samples. Our key observation is that generating holistic features for fine-grained classes fails to capture small attribute differences between classes. Therefore, we propose a feature composition framework that learns to extract attribute features from training samples and combines them to construct fine-grained features for rare and unseen classes. Feature composition allows us to not only selectively compose features of every class from only relevant …
University of New South Wales（新南威尔士大学）；Jiangnan University（江南大学）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）
Open-World Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (OW-CZSL) aims to recognize new compositions of seen attributes and objects. In OW-CZSL, methods built on the conventional closed-world setting degrade severely due to the unconstrained OW test space. While previous works alleviate the issue by pruning compositions according to external knowledge or correlations in seen pairs, they introduce biases that harm the generalization. Some methods thus predict state and object with independently constructed and trained classifiers, ignoring that attributes are highly context-dependent and visually entangled…
Graph-guided Cross-composition Feature Disentanglement for Compositional Zero-shot Learning
PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited（国家电力投资集团华东工程公司）；Hangzhou Dianzi University（杭州电子科技大学）；The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)（香港科技大学（广州））；Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics（南京航空航天大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）
EVA: Mixture-of-Experts Semantic Variant Alignment for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning
National Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence（人机混合增强智能国家级重点实验室）；National Engineering Research Center for Visual Information and Applications（视觉信息与应用国家工程研究中心）；Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics（人工智能与机器人研究所）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）
NVIDIA Research（英伟达研究院）；Bar-Ilan University（巴伊兰大学）；Technion - Israel Institute of Technology（以色列理工学院）
People easily recognize new visual categories that are new combinations of known components. This compositional generalization capacity is critical for learning in real-world domains like vision and language because the long tail of new combinations dominates the distribution. Unfortunately, learning systems struggle with compositional generalization because they often build on features that are correlated with class labels even if they are not "essential" for the class. This leads to consistent misclassification of samples from a new distribution, like new combinations of known components. He…
C2C: Component-to-Composition Learning for Zero-Shot Compositional Action Recognition
School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University（江南大学人工智能与计算机学院）；Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing (CVSSP), University of Surrey（萨里大学视觉、语音与信号处理中心）；School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey（萨里大学计算机科学与电子工程学院）；Surrey Institute of People-centred AI (SI-PAI), University of Surrey（萨里大学以人为本人工智能研究所）
