符号的同步性作为时间和地点的构建
Synchronization of symbols as the construction of times and places
摘要：
我们展示了物理学中一种意想不到的自由，通过展示工作台上时钟的行为与黑板上用符号写的行为解释之间关系的本质不可预测性。在理论上，时间和空间是由同步的时钟定义的，同步的时钟由光信号传输和接收时的时钟读数之间的关系指定;然而时空曲率意味着这种同步的障碍。认识到在理论和实验中需要处理比特和其他符号，我们提供了一种新的符号处理理论，集中在一种“逻辑同步”，不同于爱因斯坦在狭义相对论中定义的同步。我们提出三件事：（1）我们指出，在物理学中，有一种需要，源于广义相对论，即物理学家需要选择哪些时钟与其他时钟同步。(2)为了利用的能力，使选择的同步，我们提供了一种理论，在其中表示发送的符号和接收它们的代理的时钟读数之间的时序关系，而不依赖于任何全球性的概念“时间”。取消全球时间变量明显背离了目前的做法。(3)对不可预测性的认识要求人们更多地关注实验工作台上的行为，而不是黑板上可以预测的行为。作为一个主要的例子，我们报告的“赛马”的情况下，代理测量的两个符号的到达顺序，以显示如何确定顺序偏离任何可能的时间变量的值的分配。
英文摘要：
We demonstrate an unsuspected freedom in physics, by showing an essential unpredictability in the relation between the behavior of clocks on the workbench and explanations of that behavior written in symbols on the blackboard. In theory, time and space are defined by clocks synchronized as specified by relations among clock readings at the transmission and reception of light signals; however spacetime curvature implies obstacles to this synchronization. Recognizing the need to handle bits and other symbols in both theory and experiment, we offer a novel theory of symbol handling, centered on a kind of "logical synchronization," distinct from the synchronization defined by Einstein in special relativity. We present three things: (1) We show a need in physics, stemming from general relativity, for physicists to make choices about what clocks to synchronize with what other clocks. (2) To exploit the capacity to make choices of synchronization, we provide a theory in which to express timing relations between transmitted symbols and the clock readings of the agent that receives them, without relying on any global concept of "time". Dispensing with a global time variable is a marked departure from current practice. (3) The recognition of unpredictability calls for more attention to behavior on the workbench of experiment relative to what can be predicted on the blackboard. As a prime example, we report on the "horse race" situation of an agent measuring the order of arrival of two symbols, to show how order determinations depart from any possible assignment of values of a time variable.
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