狄拉克物理学方法论中的可观测性、不可观测性和哥本哈根解释
Observability, Unobservability and the Copenhagen Interpretation in Dirac's Methodology of Physics
摘要：
Paul A. M.狄拉克无疑是上个世纪物理学的中心人物之一，他以几种显著的方式对量子力学（QM）的发展做出了贡献;他也是一个活跃的物理学家社区的中心，与他们有着广泛的互动和通信。特别是，英国物理学家与玻尔，海森堡和泡利密切接触。由于这个原因，狄拉克通常被认为是量子力学哥本哈根解释的支持者。同样，他也被认为是一位同情实证主义态度的物理学家，这种态度塑造了20世纪20年代量子理论的发展。在这种背景下，本文的目的是双重的：一方面，我们将论证，从狄拉克的出版作品中分析具体的例子，他既不能被认为是一个实证主义者，也不能被认为是一个物理学家的方法论指导下的可观察性学说。另一方面，我们将试图把狄拉克的形象从上述哥本哈根解释中分离出来，因为在他漫长的职业生涯中，他所采用的方法论原则和哲学观点与哥本哈根解释的支持者所遵循的方法论原则和哲学观点明显不同，而且往往相互矛盾。
英文摘要：
Paul A. M. Dirac has been undoubtedly one of the central figures of the last century physics, contributing in several and remarkable ways to the development of Quantum Mechanics (QM); he was also at the centre of an active community of physicists, with whom he had extensive interactions and correspondence. In particular, the British physicist was in close contact with Bohr, Heisenberg and Pauli. For this reason, among others, Dirac is generally considered a supporter of the Copenhagen interpretation of QM. Similarly, he was considered a physicist sympathetic with the positivistic attitude which shaped the development of quantum theory in the twenties. Against this background, the aim of the present essay is twofold: on the one hand, we will argue that, analyzing specific examples taken from Dirac's published works, he can neither be considered a positivist nor a physicist methodologically guided by the observability doctrine. On the other hand, we will try to disentangle Dirac's figure from the mentioned Copenhagen interpretation, since in his long career he employed remarkably different - and often contradicting - methodological principles and philosophical perspectives with respect to those followed by the supporters of that interpretation.
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