迈向更好地理解分子进化：选择、漂移和其间一切的相对作用
Towards an improved understanding of molecular evolution: the relative roles of selection, drift, and everything in between
摘要：
分子进化生物学的一个主要目标是识别基因组中处于选择下的基因座或区域，以及那些以中性方式进化的基因座或区域。正确的识别可以准确推断进化过程，从而理解驱动表型变化和适应的历史和当代过程。一个根本的困难在于区分选择所针对的位点与链接到这些目标的位点和完全独立于选择的位点。这三种类型的网站需要注意的相对重要性的辩论选择与中立和中性学说〈动〉<动>。现代基因组学的研究已经证明，复杂的过程，如连锁，人口统计学和有偏见的基因转换，使我们对中性与选择性过程在进化中的作用的理解变得复杂。从这个角度来看，我们首先强调新突变的基因组和（a）生物背景的重要性，以确定自然选择的目标。然后，我们提出的机制，可能会限制基因组的进化和偏见的推理选择。我们讨论这些机制的两个关键水平，他们发生：人口水平和分子水平。我们强调，他们应该考虑到正确区分整个基因组的网站受到选择性或非选择性的力量，并强调，目前的一个主要领域的目标是量化这些机制的绝对重要性。
英文摘要：
A major goal of molecular evolutionary biology is to identify loci or regions of the genome under selection versus those evolving in a neutral manner. Correct identification allows accurate inference of the evolutionary process and thus comprehension of historical and contemporary processes driving phenotypic change and adaptation. A fundamental difficulty lies in distinguishing sites targeted by selection from both sites linked to these targets and sites fully independent of selection. These three categories of sites necessitate attention in light of the debate over the relative importance of selection versus neutrality and the neutral theory. Modern genomic insights have proved that complex processes such as linkage, demography, and biased gene conversion complicate our understanding of the role of neutral versus selective processes in evolution. In this perspective, we first highlight the importance of the genomic and (a)biotic context of new mutations to identify the targets of natural selection. We then present mechanisms that may constrain the evolution of genomes and bias the inference of selection. We discuss these mechanisms within the two critical levels that they occur: the population level and the molecular level. We highlight that they should be taken into account to correctly distinguish sites across the genome subject to selective or non-selective forces and stress that a major current field-wide goal is to quantify the absolute importance of these mechanisms.
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