ELMAG 3.01: A three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of electromagnetic cascades on the extragalactic background light and in magnetic fields
M. Blytt, M. Kachelriess, S. Ostapchenko
备注:
9 pages, 5 figures. v2: minor changes, to appear in CPC; arxiv version contains an addendum describing version 3.02 which includes plasma energy losses; program available at http://elmag.sourceforge.net
The version 3.01 of ELMAG, a Monte Carlo program for the simulation of electromagnetic cascades initiated by high-energy photons and electrons interacting with extragalactic background light (EBL), is presented. Pair production and inverse Compton scattering on EBL photons as well as synchrotron losses are implemented using weighted sampling of the cascade development. New features include, among others, the implementation of turbulent extragalactic magnetic fields and the calculation of three-dimensional electron and positron trajectories, solving the Lorentz force equation. As final result of the three-dimensional simulations, the program provides two-dimensional source images as function of the energy and the time delay of secondary cascade particles.
We discuss the influence of extragalactic magnetic fields on the intensity of gamma-ray emission produced in electromagnetic cascades from ultra-high energy cosmic rays propagating in extragalactic space. Both cosmic rays and cascade particles propagate mostly out of galaxies, galactic clusters, and large scale structures as their relative volume is small. Therefore their magnetic fields weakly affect emission produced in cascades. Yet estimates of this influence can be useful searching for dark matter particles, when components of extragalactic gamma-ray background should be known, including …
Using the analytic modeling of the electromagnetic cascades compared with more precise numerical simulations we describe the physical properties of electromagnetic cascades developing in the universe on CMB and EBL background radiations. A cascade is initiated by very high energy photon or electron and the remnant photons at large distance have two-component energy spectrum, $\propto E^{-2}$ ($\propto E^{-1.9}$ in numerical simulations) produced at cascade multiplication stage, and $\propto E^{-3/2}$ from Inverse Compton electron cooling at low energies. The most noticeable property of the cas…
Primary very high energy $γ$-rays from $γ$-ray bursts (GRBs) are partially absorbed on extragalactic background light (EBL) photons with subsequent formation of intergalactic electromagnetic cascades. Characteristics of the observable cascade $γ$-ray signal are sensitive to the strength and structure of the extragalactic magnetic field (EGMF). GRB 190114C was recently detected with the MAGIC imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, for the first time allowing to estimate the observable cascade intensity. We inquire whether any constraints on the EGMF strength and structure could be obtained f…
Possible existence of extragalactic ultra-high energy cosmic ray sources giving a very small particle flux on the Earth is considered. Accretion discs around supermassive black holes where particles are accelerated in electric fields are discussed as an illustration of such sources. Due to acceleration mechanism particle injection spectra are assumed to be hard. In this case particle flux on the Earth is too low for detection. But particles produce in space a noticeable flux of diffuse gamma-ray emission via electromagnetic cascades. It should be accounted for when analyzing other source model…
In this paper intergalatic electromagnetic cascades are used as a probe of cosmic ray sources. This is achieved as follows. In extragalactic space cosmic rays initiate electromagnetic cascades in which gamma-ray and neutrino emission arises. We used the joint analysis of cosmic ray data, along with extragalactic gamma-ray and neutrino emission, to study particle acceleration in the vicinity of supermassive black holes. Particle injection spectra depend on processes of particle acceleration, and here we discuss models with various injection spectra. The computation of the propagation of cosmic …
Ultrahigh energy protons and nuclei from extragalactic cosmic ray sources initiate intergalactic electromagnetic cascades, resulting in observable fluxes of $γ$-rays in the GeV-TeV energy domain. The total spectrum of such cascade $γ$-rays of hadronic nature is significantly harder than the one usually expected from blazars. The spectra of some sources known as "extreme TeV blazars" could be well-described by this "intergalactic hadronic cascade model" (IHCM). We calculate the shape of the observable point-like spectrum, as well as the observable angular distibution of $γ$-rays, for the first …
Properties of the extragalactic magnetic field (EGMF) outside of clusters and filaments of the large-scale structure are essentially unknown. The EGMF could be probed with $γ$-ray observations of distant (redshift $z > 0.1$) blazars. TeV $γ$ rays from these sources are strongly absorbed on extragalactic background light photons; secondary electrons and positrons produce cascade $γ$ rays with the observable flux dependent on EGMF parameters. We put constraints on the EGMF strength using 145 months of Fermi-LAT observations of the blazars 1ES 1218+304, 1ES 1101-232, and 1ES 0347-121, and imaging…
Cosmic rays accelerated to ultra-high energies (E>4x10^19 eV) in electric fields in accretion discs around supermassive black holes are discussed. Particle injection spectra are assumed to be harder than those formed in acceleration on shock fronts. It turned out that cosmic rays with injection spectra supposed contribute a little in the particle flux detected with ground-based arrays. But in the extragalactic space particle generate a noticeable flux of the diffuse gamma-ray emission compared with the data obtained with the Fermi LAT instrument (onboard the Fermi space observatory). The inten…
We review extragalactic $γ$-ray propagation models with emphasis on the electromagnetic (EM) cascade process in the magnetized expanding Universe. We consider cascades initiated by primary protons of ultra-high energy accelerated by blazars and show that the observable spectrum is similar to the universal spectrum of a purely EM cascade. We also present a detailed calculation of the observable angular distribution for the case of EM cascades developing from relatively nearby (<20 Mpc) sources. Finally, we calculate the point-like source differential sensitivity of a novel liquid Argon time pro…
Implications of Plasma Beam Instabilities for the Statistics of the Fermi Hard Gamma-ray Blazars and the Origin of the Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background
A relativistic electron-positron pair beam can be produced in the interaction of TeV photons from a blazar with the extragalactic background light (EBL). The relativistic $e^{\pm}$ pairs would loss energy through inverse-Compton scattering (ICS) photons of cosmic microwave background (CMB) or plasma instabilities. The dominant energy-loss process is under debate. Based on the assumption that the dominant energy-loss process is ICS, the resulted cascade GeV radiation is usually used to constrain the intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF). Here, we include the energy-loss due to plasma oblique inst…
The Cosmological Impact of Luminous TeV Blazars I: Implications of Plasma Instabilities for the Intergalactic Magnetic Field and Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background
Bethe-Heitler cascades as a plausible origin of hard spectra in distant TeV blazars
上下文遥远TeV耀变体的甚高能(VHE)$γ$射线测量可以很好地解释由超高能宇宙射线引起的TeV谱。目的。我们开发了一个模型,在遥远的TeV耀变体的硬光谱的一个合理的起源。方法.在该模型中,遥远TeV耀变体中的TeV辐射主要由两个混合分量组成。第一个是相对论电子对同步辐射光子(SSC)的逆康普顿散射产生的光子能量约为1 TeV的内部分量,并对河外背景光吸收进行了修正;第二个是高能质子在星系际空间传播产生的级联辐射产生的光子能量大于1 TeV的外部分量。结果假设合适的模型参数,我们将该模型应用到遥远的TeV耀变体1 ES 0229+200的观测光谱。我们的结果表明:1)观察到的1 ES 0229+200的光谱特性,特别是观察到的光谱的TeV $γ$射线尾,2)预期的TeV $γ$射线谱(光子能量为$>$ 1 TeV,1 ES 0229+200)应与切伦科夫望远镜阵列(CTA)的50小时灵敏度目标相当和大型高空空气簇射观测站(LHAASO)一年观测的微分灵敏度曲线。结论.我们认为,强有力的证据贝特-海特勒级联沿视线的硬光谱在遥远的TeV耀变体的一个合理的起源,可以从VHE观测CTA,LHAASO,HAWC,和HiSCORE。
We explain the observed multiwavelength photon spectrum of a number of BL Lac objects detected at very high energy (VHE, $E \gtrsim 30$ GeV), using a lepto-hadronic emission model. The one-zone leptonic emission is employed to fit the synchrotron peak. Subsequently, the SSC spectrum is calculated, such that it extends up to the highest energy possible for the jet parameters considered. The data points beyond this energy, and also in the entire VHE range are well explained using a hadronic emission model. The ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs, $E\gtrsim 0.1$ EeV) escaping from the source int…