计算机立体无透镜X射线成像
Computed stereo lensless X-ray imaging
摘要：
深入了解人工或生物系统的3D特性的能力通常至关重要。然而，3D结构很难在低剂量和极快的处理下检索，因为大多数技术都是基于采集和计算数百个2D角投影。这对于超短X射线来说更具挑战性，因为它可以实现纳米级的研究和超快时间分辨的2D电影。在这里，我们表明，计算机立体视觉的概念可以转置到X射线。我们展示了纳米级的三维重建从一个单一的超快采集。在一台CCD相机上同时记录两个衍射图样，相位恢复后重建两个立体图像。然后，在20飞秒的快照中，从具有约130x130x380nm3体素分辨率的定量视差图计算样本的3D表示。我们扩展我们的演示相衬X射线立体成像，并揭示隐藏的3D功能的样品。计算相位立体成像将在X射线自由电子激光器、同步加速器和基于激光的源中找到科学应用，而且还将在快速工业和医疗3D诊断中找到应用。
英文摘要：
The ability to gain insights into the 3D properties of artificial or biological systems is often critical. However, 3D structures are difficult to retrieve at low dose and with extremely fast processing, as most techniques are based on acquiring and computing hundreds of 2D angular projections. This is even more challenging with ultrashort X-rays which allow realizing nanometre scale studies and ultrafast time resolved 2D movies. Here we show that computer stereo vision concepts can be transposed to X-rays. We demonstrate nanoscale three-dimensional reconstruction from a single ultrafast acquisition. Two diffraction patterns are recorded simultaneously on a single CCD camera and after phase retrieval two stereo images are reconstructed. A 3D representation of the sample is then computed from quantitative disparity maps with about 130x130x380nm3 voxel resolution in a snapshot of 20 femtoseconds. We extend our demonstration to phase contrast X-ray stereo imaging and reveal hidden 3D features of a sample. Computed phase stereo imaging will find scientific applications at X-ray free electron lasers, synchrotrons and laser-based sources, but also in fast industrial and medical 3D diagnostics.
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