用下一代中微子探测器对核心坍缩超新星进行三角测量
Triangulation Pointing to Core-Collapse Supernovae with Next-Generation Neutrino Detectors
摘要：
核心坍缩的超新星在几十秒的时间间隔内以中微子的形式释放出其致密残骸的绝大多数引力结合能。如果我们银河系内发生核心坍缩超新星，多个当前和未来的中微子探测器将看到活动的大爆发。中微子比光早几个小时逃离超新星，因此任何关于超新星方向的信息都可以通过中微子信号推断出来，这将有助于对超新星进行早期电磁观测。虽然有一些方法可以通过一些中微子-物质相互作用通道的内在方向性来确定方向，但下一代大型中微子探测器将达到成熟的补充方法是使用全球不同探测器的相对中微子到达时间。为了评估这种三角测量方法在未来几十年的现实探测器配置，我们产生随机的超新星中微子信号与现实的探测器假设，并量化检测之间的预期时间延迟的误差。我们研究了一个实用和强大的方法，估计突发检测之间的时间差，也纠正检测效率偏差。利用这种方法，我们确定了超新星中微子三角测量的指向精度与超新星距离和位置、所用探测器、探测器本底能级以及中微子质量有序假设的关系。在有利的条件下，三角测量的1 $σ$超新星搜索区域可以减少到天空的百分之几。在现实条件下，应该可以以低延迟实现这种方法。
英文摘要：
A core-collapse supernova releases the vast majority of the gravitational binding energy of its compact remnant in the form of neutrinos over an interval of a few tens of seconds. In the event of a core-collapse supernova within our galaxy, multiple current and future neutrino detectors would see a large burst in activity. Neutrinos escape a supernova hours before light does, so any prompt information about the supernova's direction that can be inferred via the neutrino signal will help to enable early electromagnetic observations of the supernova. While there are methods to determine the direction via intrinsic directionality of some neutrino-matter interaction channels, a complementary method which will reach maturity with the next generation of large neutrino detectors is the use of relative neutrino arrival times at different detectors around the globe. To evaluate this triangulation method for realistic detector configurations of the next few decades, we generate random supernova neutrino signals with realistic detector assumptions, and quantify the error in expected time delay between detections. We investigate a practical and robust method of estimating the time differences between burst detections, also correcting for detection efficiency bias. With this method, we determine the pointing precision of supernova neutrino triangulation as a function of supernova distance and location, detectors used, detector background level and neutrino mass ordering assumption. Under favorable conditions, the 1$σ$ supernova search area from triangulation could be reduced to a few percent of the sky. It should be possible to implement this method with low latency under realistic conditions.
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