利用表面反射用冰中射电探测器重建中微子顶点和中微子能量分辨率的意义
Neutrino vertex reconstruction with in-ice radio detectors using surface reflections and implications for the neutrino energy resolution
摘要：
超高能中微子（$E_ν> 10^{16.5}$ eV $)$）是通过冰中中微子相互作用后的无线电信号有效测量的。放置在冰面以下$\mathcal{O}$（15 m）的天线将测量绝大多数事件的两个信号（90%在$E_ν$ = $10^{18}$ eV $)$：来自冰面反射的直接脉冲和第二延迟脉冲。这允许对来自上方的背景的中微子进行独特的识别。此外，直接和反射信号之间的时间延迟（D'n'R）与中微子相互作用顶点的距离相关，这是确定中微子能量的关键量。在模拟研究中，我们推导了时间延迟与距离的关系，并研究了相应的实验不确定性在估计中微子能量。我们发现，由此产生的贡献的能量分辨率是远低于自然的限制所设定的未知的非弹性在初始中微子相互作用。我们提出了一个原位测量，证明了这种技术的实验可行性。使用这种技术连续监测发射和接收天线附近的局部积雪，提供了$\mathcal{O}$（1毫米）的表面高程精度，这比将D'n'R技术应用于中微子所需的精度要好得多。
英文摘要：
Ultra high energy neutrinos ($E_ν> 10^{16.5}$eV$)$ are efficiently measured via radio signals following a neutrino interaction in ice. An antenna placed $\mathcal{O}$(15 m) below the ice surface will measure two signals for the vast majority of events (90% at $E_ν$=$10^{18}$eV$)$: a direct pulse and a second delayed pulse from a reflection off the ice surface. This allows for a unique identification of neutrinos against backgrounds arriving from above. Furthermore, the time delay between the direct and reflected signal (D'n'R) correlates with the distance to the neutrino interaction vertex, a crucial quantity to determine the neutrino energy. In a simulation study, we derive the relation between time delay and distance and study the corresponding experimental uncertainties in estimating neutrino energies. We find that the resulting contribution to the energy resolution is well below the natural limit set by the unknown inelasticity in the initial neutrino interaction. We present an in-situ measurement that proves the experimental feasibility of this technique. Continuous monitoring of the local snow accumulation in the vicinity of the transmit and receive antennas using this technique provide a precision of $\mathcal{O}$(1 mm) in surface elevation, which is much better than that needed to apply the D'n'R technique to neutrinos.
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