Fake news is risky since it has been created to manipulate the readers' opinions and beliefs. In this work, we compared the language of false news to the real one of real news from an emotional perspective, considering a set of false information types (propaganda, hoax, clickbait, and satire) from social media and online news articles sources. Our experiments showed that false information has different emotional patterns in each of its types, and emotions play a key role in deceiving the reader. Based on that, we proposed a LSTM neural network model that is emotionally-infused to detect false news.
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；Illinois Institute of Technology（伊利诺伊理工学院）
False news that spreads on social media has proliferated over the past years and has led to multi-aspect threats in the real world. While there are studies of false news on specific domains (like politics or health care), little work is found comparing false news across domains. In this article, we investigate false news across nine domains on Weibo, the largest Twitter-like social media platform in China, from 2009 to 2019. The newly collected data comprise 44,728 posts in the nine domains, published by 40,215 users, and reposted over 3.4 million times. Based on the distributions and spreads …
University of Turin（都灵大学）；University of Exeter（埃克塞特大学）
Since their announcement in November 2020, COVID-19 vaccines were largely debated by the press and social media. With most studies focusing on COVID-19 disinformation in social media, little attention has been paid to how mainstream news outlets framed COVID-19 narratives compared to alternative sources. To fill this gap, we use cognitive network science and natural language processing to reconstruct time-evolving semantic and emotional frames of 5745 Italian news, that were massively re-shared on Facebook and Twitter, about COVID-19 vaccines. We found consistently high levels of trust/anticip…
Universitat Politècnica de València（瓦伦西亚理工大学）；Izmir Institute of Technology（伊兹密尔理工学院）；bytes Corp.（2bytes公司）；University of Koblenz-Landau（科布伦茨-兰道大学）
Widespread and rapid dissemination of false news has made fact-checking an indispensable requirement. Given its time-consuming and labor-intensive nature, the task calls for an automated support to meet the demand. In this paper, we propose to leverage commonsense knowledge for the tasks of false news classification and check-worthy claim detection. Arguing that commonsense knowledge is a factor in human believability, we fine-tune the BERT language model with a commonsense question answering task and the aforementioned tasks in a multi-task learning environment. For predicting fine-grained fa…
Instituto de Informática – Universidade Católica do Salvador (UCSAL)（萨尔瓦多天主教大学信息学院）
This paper aims to present how the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and data augmentation techniques can improve the performance of a neural network for better detection of fake news in the Portuguese language. Fake news is one of the main controversies during the growth of the internet in the last decade. Verifying what is fact and what is false has proven to be a difficult task, while the dissemination of false news is much faster, which leads to the need for the creation of tools that, automated, assist in the process of verification of what is fact and what is false. In ord…
American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)（孟加拉国美国国际大学（AIUB））
Fake news on social media is increasingly regarded as one of the most concerning issues. Low cost, simple accessibility via social platforms, and a plethora of low-budget online news sources are some of the factors that contribute to the spread of false news. Most of the existing fake news detection algorithms are solely focused on the news content only but engaged users prior posts or social activities provide a wealth of information about their views on news and have significant ability to improve fake news identification. Graph Neural Networks are a form of deep learning approach that condu…
Social networks have become one of the main information channels for human beings due to the immediate and social interactivity they offer, allowing in some cases to publish what each user considers relevant. This has brought with it the generation of false news or Fake News, publications that only seek to generate uncertainty, misinformation or skew the opinion of readers. It has been shown that the human being is not capable of fully identifying whether an article is really a fact or a Fake News, due to this it is that models arise that seek to characterize and identify articles based on dat…
Max Planck Institute for Informatics（马克斯·普朗克信息学研究所）；Amazon Inc.（亚马逊公司）
Misinformation such as fake news is one of the big challenges of our society. Research on automated fact-checking has proposed methods based on supervised learning, but these approaches do not consider external evidence apart from labeled training instances. Recent approaches counter this deficit by considering external sources related to a claim. However, these methods require substantial feature modeling and rich lexicons. This paper overcomes these limitations of prior work with an end-to-end model for evidence-aware credibility assessment of arbitrary textual claims, without any human inte…
MisSpans: Fine-Grained False Span Identification in Cross-Domain Fake News
The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；School of Artificial Intelligence, Wuhan University（武汉大学人工智能学院）；Center for Language and Information Research, Wuhan University（武汉大学语言与信息研究中心）；ELLIS Manchester（曼彻斯特ELLIS）
In web era, since technology has revolutionized mankind life, plenty of data and information are published on the Internet each day. For instance, news agencies publish news on their websites all over the world. These raw data could be an important resource for knowledge extraction. These shared data contain emotions (i.e., positive, neutral or negative) toward various topics; therefore, sentimental content extraction could be a beneficial task in many aspects. Extracting the sentiment of news illustrates highly valuable information about the events over a period of time, the viewpoint of a me…
Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC)（高性能计算研究所）；Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)（新加坡科技研究局）
This paper describes a system developed for detecting propaganda techniques from news articles. We focus on examining how emotional salience features extracted from a news segment can help to characterize and predict the presence of propaganda techniques. Correlation analyses surfaced interesting patterns that, for instance, the "loaded language" and "slogan" techniques are negatively associated with valence and joy intensity but are positively associated with anger, fear and sadness intensity. In contrast, "flag waving" and "appeal to fear-prejudice" have the exact opposite pattern. Through p…
The False Resonance: A Critical Examination of Emotion Embedding Similarity for Speech Generation Evaluation
Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan（国立台湾大学通讯工程研究所）；Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, USA（美国南加州大学明希电气与计算机工程系）；Gilbert AI Lab, USA（美国Gilbert人工智能实验室）；Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taiwan（国立台湾大学电气工程研究所）；Artificial Intelligence Center of Research Excellence, National Taiwan University, Taiwan（国立台湾大学人工智能研究中心）
The rapid advancement of technology in online communication via social media platforms has led to a prolific rise in the spread of misinformation and fake news. Fake news is especially rampant in the current COVID-19 pandemic, leading to people believing in false and potentially harmful claims and stories. Detecting fake news quickly can alleviate the spread of panic, chaos and potential health hazards. We developed a two stage automated pipeline for COVID-19 fake news detection using state of the art machine learning models for natural language processing. The first model leverages a novel fa…
Universitat Politècnica de València（瓦伦西亚理工大学）；University of Mannheim（曼海姆大学）；Symanto Research（Symanto研究公司）
Fake news articles often stir the readers' attention by means of emotional appeals that arouse their feelings. Unlike in short news texts, authors of longer articles can exploit such affective factors to manipulate readers by adding exaggerations or fabricating events, in order to affect the readers' emotions. To capture this, we propose in this paper to model the flow of affective information in fake news articles using a neural architecture. The proposed model, FakeFlow, learns this flow by combining topic and affective information extracted from text. We evaluate the model's performance wit…
Recent years have seen an explosion in social media usage, allowing people to connect with others. Since the appearance of platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, such platforms influence how we speak, think, and behave. This problem negatively undermines confidence in content because of the existence of fake news. For instance, false news was a determining factor in influencing the outcome of the U.S. presidential election and other sites. Because this information is so harmful, it is essential to make sure we have the necessary tools to detect and resist it. We applied Bidirectional Long Sho…
Most research on emotion analysis from text focuses on the task of emotion classification or emotion intensity regression. Fewer works address emotions as a phenomenon to be tackled with structured learning, which can be explained by the lack of relevant datasets. We fill this gap by releasing a dataset of 5000 English news headlines annotated via crowdsourcing with their associated emotions, the corresponding emotion experiencers and textual cues, related emotion causes and targets, as well as the reader's perception of the emotion of the headline. This annotation task is comparably challengi…
Factchecking has always been a part of the journalistic process. However with newsroom budgets shrinking it is coming under increasing pressure just as the amount of false information circulating is on the rise. We therefore propose a method to increase the efficiency of the factchecking process, using the latest developments in Natural Language Processing (NLP). This method allows us to compare incoming claims to an existing corpus and return similar, factchecked, claims in a live system-allowing factcheckers to work simultaneously without duplicating their work.
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence（艾伦人工智能研究所）；Carnegie Mellon University（卡内基梅隆大学）
Even to a simple and short news headline, readers react in a multitude of ways: cognitively (e.g. inferring the writer's intent), emotionally (e.g. feeling distrust), and behaviorally (e.g. sharing the news with their friends). Such reactions are instantaneous and yet complex, as they rely on factors that go beyond interpreting factual content of news. We propose Misinfo Reaction Frames (MRF), a pragmatic formalism for modeling how readers might react to a news headline. In contrast to categorical schema, our free-text dimensions provide a more nuanced way of understanding intent beyond being …
An Unreliable news is any piece of information which is false or misleading, deliberately spread to promote political, ideological and financial agendas. Recently the problem of unreliable news has got a lot of attention as the number instances of using news and social media outlets for propaganda have increased rapidly. This poses a serious threat to society, which calls for technology to automatically and reliably identify unreliable news sources. This paper is an effort made in this direction to build systems for detecting unreliable news articles. In this paper, various NLP algorithms were…
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur（印度理工学院卡拉格普尔分校）
Emotion is fundamental to humanity. The ability to perceive, understand and respond to social interactions in a human-like manner is one of the most desired capabilities in artificial agents, particularly in social-media bots. Over the past few years, computational understanding and detection of emotional aspects in language have been vital in advancing human-computer interaction. The WASSA Shared Task 2021 released a dataset of news-stories across two tracks, Track-1 for Empathy and Distress Prediction and Track-2 for Multi-Dimension Emotion prediction at the essay-level. We describe our syst…
Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）；Automation and Systems Research Institute（自动化与系统研究所）；Qatar Computing Research Institute（卡塔尔计算研究所）；KAIST（韩国科学技术院）；Institute for Basic Science（基础科学研究所）
Some news headlines mislead readers with overrated or false information, and identifying them in advance will better assist readers in choosing proper news stories to consume. This research introduces million-scale pairs of news headline and body text dataset with incongruity label, which can uniquely be utilized for detecting news stories with misleading headlines. On this dataset, we develop two neural networks with hierarchical architectures that model a complex textual representation of news articles and measure the incongruity between the headline and the body text. We also present a data…
National Sun Yat-sen University（国立中山大学）；The University of London（伦敦大学）；Academia Sinica（中央研究院）
Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) is a new approach to conceptualizing and measuring democracy and politics. It has information for 200 countries and is one of the biggest databases for political science. According to the V-Dem annual democracy report 2019, Taiwan is one of the two countries that got disseminated false information from foreign governments the most. It also shows that the "made-up news" has caused a great deal of confusion in Taiwanese society and has serious impacts on global stability. Although there are several applications helping distinguish the false information, we found ou…
International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad（海得拉巴国际信息技术学院）
Recent rapid technological advancements in online social networks such as Twitter have led to a great incline in spreading false information and fake news. Misinformation is especially prevalent in the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, leading to individuals accepting bogus and potentially deleterious claims and articles. Quick detection of fake news can reduce the spread of panic and confusion among the public. For our analysis in this paper, we report a methodology to analyze the reliability of information shared on social media pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our best ap…
TieFake: Title-Text Similarity and Emotion-Aware Fake News Detection
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation（中国电子科技集团公司第三十研究所）
Tracing Partisan Bias to Its Emotional Fingerprints: A Computational Approach to Mitigation
aDepartment of Political Science, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland；bGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research；cDepartment of Statistics；Data Science, Beijing Normal Hong Kong Baptist University., Zhuhai, China；dFaculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China；eHong Kong aiKnow Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
本文提出基于 VAD 的情感指纹框架分析 Allsides 中不同党派媒体的语言偏见，并通过 NeutraSum 中和情感模式，生成更中性、偏见分数更低的摘要。
When reading news articles on social networking services and news sites, readers can view comments marked by other people on these articles. By reading these comments, a reader can understand the public opinion about the news, and it is often helpful to grasp the overall picture of the news. However, these comments often contain offensive language that readers do not prefer to read. This study aims to predict such offensive comments to improve the quality of the experience of the reader while reading comments. By considering the diversity of the readers' values, the proposed method predicts of…
School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto (ISEP/IPP)（波尔图理工学院工程学院）；Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development (GECAD)（智能工程与计算高级创新与发展研究组）
Connectivity plays an ever-increasing role in modern society, with people all around the world having easy access to rapidly disseminated information. However, a more interconnected society enables the spread of intentionally false information. To mitigate the negative impacts of fake news, it is essential to improve detection methodologies. This work introduces Multi-Policy Statement Checker (MPSC), a framework that automates fake news detection by using deep learning techniques to analyze a statement itself and its related news articles, predicting whether it is seemingly credible or suspici…
Fake news and misinformation are a matter of concern for people around the globe. Users of the internet and social media sites encounter content with false information much frequently. Fake news detection is one of the most analyzed and prominent areas of research. These detection techniques apply popular machine learning and deep learning algorithms. Previous work in this domain covers fake news detection vastly among text circulating online. Platforms that have extensively been observed and analyzed include news websites and Twitter. Facebook, Reddit, WhatsApp, YouTube, and other social appl…
Hybrid Feature Combinations with CNN for Bangla Fake News Classification
School of Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology（信息科学与技术学院）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh（计算机科学与工程系）；School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Changzhou University（计算机科学与人工智能学院）
It has been argued that fake news and the spread of false information pose a threat to societies throughout the world, from influencing the results of elections to hindering the efforts to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. To combat this threat, a number of Natural Language Processing (NLP) approaches have been developed. These leverage a number of datasets, feature extraction/selection techniques and machine learning (ML) algorithms to detect fake news before it spreads. While these methods are well-documented, there is less evidence regarding their efficacy in this domain. By systematically revi…
