Kolmogorov尺度下的湍流相干结构和早期生命
Turbulent coherent structures and early life below the Kolmogorov scale
摘要：
许多生物有机体生活在水环境中。重大的进化转变，包括生命本身的出现，很可能就发生在这样的环境中。虽然水在生物学中作用的化学方面得到了很好的研究，但水的物理特性对进化事件的影响，例如通过其丰富的运输特性控制种群结构，还不太清楚。进化的转变，如第一个细胞和多细胞的出现，需要群体之间的合作。然而，合作的进化面临着挑战，在非结构化的“混合”人口，寄生虫迅速压倒合作者。假设群体结构以促进合作的模型设想这种结构来自空间“晶格”模型（例如表面结合的个体）或分区模型，通常实现为原始细胞。在这里，我们研究空间模型中的湍流运动的影响，并提出相干结构，即流动模式的陷阱流体和自然产生的湍流，可能会服务于许多与隔间相关的属性-共定位，分裂和合并-并认为在生命的起源和其他进化过渡中发挥了关键作用。这些结果表明，群体选择模型可能适用于更少的物理和化学限制比以前认为的，并适用于更广泛的水环境。
英文摘要：
A great number of biological organisms live in aqueous environments. Major evolutionary transitions, including the emergence of life itself, likely occurred in such environments. While the chemical aspects of the role of water in biology are well-studied, the effects of water's physical characteristics on evolutionary events, such as the control of population structure via its rich transport properties, are less clear. Evolutionary transitions such as the emergence of the first cells and of multicellularity, require cooperation among groups of individuals. However, evolution of cooperation faces challenges in unstructured "well-mixed" populations, as parasites quickly overwhelm cooperators. Models that assume population structure to promote cooperation envision such structure to arise from spatial "lattice" models (e.g. surface bound individuals) or compartmentalization models, often realized as protocells. Here we study the effect of turbulent motions in spatial models, and propose that coherent structures, i.e. flow patterns which trap fluid and arise naturally in turbulent flows, may serve many of the properties associated with compartments--collocalization, division, and merging--and thought to play a key role in the origins of life and other evolutionary transitions. These results suggest that group selection models may be applicable with fewer physical and chemical constraints than previously thought, and apply much more widely in aqueous environments.
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