计数反抗者
Counting Defiers
摘要：
Imbens和Angrist（1994）的晚期单调性假设排除了“defiers”，即在Balke和Pearl（1993）和Angrist等人（1996）的术语中，其处理总是与工具背道而驰的个体。我允许在一个二元工具和二元处理的模型中存在异议者。该模型明确了产生该工具的随机化过程。我用这个模型来估计反对者、总是接受者、顺从者和从不接受者的数量。我提出了单独的版本的估计的上下文中，随机化过程的参数是未指定的，我打算使用虚拟随机分配的自然实验。我提出了一个经验的应用程序，重温Angrist和埃文斯（1998），其中检查的影响，虚拟随机分配的性别的前两个孩子对随后的生育率。我发现，当允许违抗者生育时，随后的生育率对前两个孩子的性别组合反应更大。
英文摘要：
The LATE monotonicity assumption of Imbens and Angrist (1994) precludes "defiers," individuals whose treatment always runs counter to the instrument, in the terminology of Balke and Pearl (1993) and Angrist et al. (1996). I allow for defiers in a model with a binary instrument and a binary treatment. The model is explicit about the randomization process that gives rise to the instrument. I use the model to develop estimators of the counts of defiers, always takers, compliers, and never takers. I propose separate versions of the estimators for contexts in which the parameter of the randomization process is unspecified, which I intend for use with natural experiments with virtual random assignment. I present an empirical application that revisits Angrist and Evans (1998), which examines the impact of virtual random assignment of the sex of the first two children on subsequent fertility. I find that subsequent fertility is much more responsive to the sex mix of the first two children when defiers are allowed.
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