Biomedical Named Entity Recognition (BioNER) is a crucial step for analyzing Biomedical texts, which aims at extracting biomedical named entities from a given text. Different supervised machine learning algorithms have been applied for BioNER by various researchers. The main requirement of these approaches is an annotated dataset used for learning the parameters of machine learning algorithms. Segment Representation (SR) models comprise of different tag sets used for representing the annotated data, such as IOB2, IOE2 and IOBES. In this paper, we propose an extension of IOBES model to improve the performance of BioNER. The proposed SR model, FROBES, improves the representation of multi-word entities. We used Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network; an instance of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), to design a baseline system for BioNER and evaluated the new SR model on two datasets, i2b2/VA 2010 challenge dataset and JNLPBA 2004 shared task dataset. The proposed SR model outperforms other models for multi-word entities with length greater than two. Further, the outputs of different SR models have been combined using majority voting ensemble method which outperforms the baseline models performance.
Nara Institute of Science and Technology（奈良先端科学技术大学院大学）；Megagon Labs（Megagon实验室）
We introduce BioCoM, a contrastive learning framework for biomedical entity linking that uses only two resources: a small-sized dictionary and a large number of raw biomedical articles. Specifically, we build the training instances from raw PubMed articles by dictionary matching and use them to train a context-aware entity linking model with contrastive learning. We predict the normalized biomedical entity at inference time through a nearest-neighbor search. Results found that BioCoM substantially outperforms state-of-the-art models, especially in low-resource settings, by effectively using th…
Korea University（高丽大学）；AIRS Company, Hyundai Motor Group（现代汽车集团AIRS公司）；AIGEN Sciences（AIGEN科学公司）
In biomedical natural language processing, named entity recognition (NER) and named entity normalization (NEN) are key tasks that enable the automatic extraction of biomedical entities (e.g. diseases and drugs) from the ever-growing biomedical literature. In this article, we present BERN2 (Advanced Biomedical Entity Recognition and Normalization), a tool that improves the previous neural network-based NER tool by employing a multi-task NER model and neural network-based NEN models to achieve much faster and more accurate inference. We hope that our tool can help annotate large-scale biomedical…
Institut Polytechnique de Paris（巴黎综合理工学院）；Inria（法国国家信息与自动化研究所）；CEA（法国原子能和替代能源委员会）
Biomedical entity linking aims to map biomedical mentions, such as diseases and drugs, to standard entities in a given knowledge base. The specific challenge in this context is that the same biomedical entity can have a wide range of names, including synonyms, morphological variations, and names with different word orderings. Recently, BERT-based methods have advanced the state-of-the-art by allowing for rich representations of word sequences. However, they often have hundreds of millions of parameters and require heavy computing resources, which limits their applications in resource-limited s…
Rutgers University–New Brunswick（罗格斯大学新伯朗士威校区）；Hasso Plattner Institute（哈索·普拉特纳研究所）；University of Potsdam（波茨坦大学）
Biomedical entity linking is the task of identifying mentions of biomedical concepts in text documents and mapping them to canonical entities in a target thesaurus. Recent advancements in entity linking using BERT-based models follow a retrieve and rerank paradigm, where the candidate entities are first selected using a retriever model, and then the retrieved candidates are ranked by a reranker model. While this paradigm produces state-of-the-art results, they are slow both at training and test time as they can process only one mention at a time. To mitigate these issues, we propose a BERT-bas…
College of Information and Computer Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校信息与计算机科学学院）；Chan Zuckerberg Initiative（陈-扎克伯格倡议）
Due to large number of entities in biomedical knowledge bases, only a small fraction of entities have corresponding labelled training data. This necessitates entity linking models which are able to link mentions of unseen entities using learned representations of entities. Previous approaches link each mention independently, ignoring the relationships within and across documents between the entity mentions. These relations can be very useful for linking mentions in biomedical text where linking decisions are often difficult due mentions having a generic or a highly specialized form. In this pa…
We present SwellShark, a framework for building biomedical named entity recognition (NER) systems quickly and without hand-labeled data. Our approach views biomedical resources like lexicons as function primitives for autogenerating weak supervision. We then use a generative model to unify and denoise this supervision and construct large-scale, probabilistically labeled datasets for training high-accuracy NER taggers. In three biomedical NER tasks, SwellShark achieves competitive scores with state-of-the-art supervised benchmarks using no hand-labeled training data. In a drug name extraction t…
The number of biomedical literature on new biomedical concepts is rapidly increasing, which necessitates a reliable biomedical named entity recognition (BioNER) model for identifying new and unseen entity mentions. However, it is questionable whether existing models can effectively handle them. In this work, we systematically analyze the three types of recognition abilities of BioNER models: memorization, synonym generalization, and concept generalization. We find that although current best models achieve state-of-the-art performance on benchmarks based on overall performance, they have limita…
Entities lie in the heart of biomedical natural language understanding, and the biomedical entity linking (EL) task remains challenging due to the fine-grained and diversiform concept names. Generative methods achieve remarkable performances in general domain EL with less memory usage while requiring expensive pre-training. Previous biomedical EL methods leverage synonyms from knowledge bases (KB) which is not trivial to inject into a generative method. In this work, we use a generative approach to model biomedical EL and propose to inject synonyms knowledge in it. We propose KB-guided pre-tra…
Nara Institute of Science and Technology（奈良先端科学技术大学院大学）；Megagon Labs（Megagon实验室）
Disease name recognition and normalization, which is generally called biomedical entity linking, is a fundamental process in biomedical text mining. Recently, neural joint learning of both tasks has been proposed to utilize the mutual benefits. While this approach achieves high performance, disease concepts that do not appear in the training dataset cannot be accurately predicted. This study introduces a novel end-to-end approach that combines span representations with dictionary-matching features to address this problem. Our model handles unseen concepts by referring to a dictionary while mai…
Microsoft Research（微软研究院）；University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
Entity linking faces significant challenges such as prolific variations and prevalent ambiguities, especially in high-value domains with myriad entities. Standard classification approaches suffer from the annotation bottleneck and cannot effectively handle unseen entities. Zero-shot entity linking has emerged as a promising direction for generalizing to new entities, but it still requires example gold entity mentions during training and canonical descriptions for all entities, both of which are rarely available outside of Wikipedia. In this paper, we explore Knowledge-RIch Self-Supervision ($\…
BioMNER: A Dataset for Biomedical Method Entity Recognition
University of Surrey（萨里大学）；The University of Manchester（曼彻斯特大学）；University of Pittsburgh（匹兹堡大学）；Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院）；Durham University（杜伦大学）
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin（柏林洪堡大学）；GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences（德国地学研究中心）
Summary: Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an important step in biomedical information extraction pipelines. Tools for NER should be easy to use, cover multiple entity types, highly accurate, and robust towards variations in text genre and style. To this end, we propose HunFlair, an NER tagger covering multiple entity types integrated into the widely used NLP framework Flair. HunFlair outperforms other state-of-the-art standalone NER tools with an average gain of 7.26 pp over the next best tool, can be installed with a single command and is applied with only four lines of code. Availability: H…
Automated entity relation extraction (RE) from literature provides an important source for constructing biomedical database, which is more efficient and extensible than manual curation. However, existing RE models usually ignore the information contained in sentence structures and target entities. In this paper, we propose BERE, a deep learning based model which uses Gumbel Tree-GRU to learn sentence structures and joint embedding to incorporate entity information. It also employs word-level attention for improved relation extraction and sentence-level attention to suit the distantly supervise…
In biomedical literature, it is common for entity boundaries to not align with word boundaries. Therefore, effective identification of entity spans requires approaches capable of considering tokens that are smaller than words. We introduce a novel, subword approach for named entity recognition (NER) that uses byte-pair encodings (BPE) in combination with convolutional and recurrent neural networks to produce byte-level tags of entities. We present experimental results on several standard biomedical datasets, namely the BioCreative VI Bio-ID, JNLPBA, and GENETAG datasets. We demonstrate competi…
Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学）；Beijing Institute of Health Administration and Medical Information（北京卫生健康经济研究和医学信息研究所）
Recognition of biomedical entities from literature is a challenging research focus, which is the foundation for extracting a large amount of biomedical knowledge existing in unstructured texts into structured formats. Using the sequence labeling framework to implement biomedical named entity recognition (BioNER) is currently a conventional method. This method, however, often cannot take full advantage of the semantic information in the dataset, and the performance is not always satisfactory. In this work, instead of treating the BioNER task as a sequence labeling problem, we formulate it as a …
Developing high-performing systems for detecting biomedical named entities has major implications. State-of-the-art deep-learning based solutions for entity recognition often require large annotated datasets, which is not available in the biomedical domain. Transfer learning and multi-task learning have been shown to improve performance for low-resource domains. However, the applications of these methods are relatively scarce in the biomedical domain, and a theoretical understanding of why these methods improve the performance is lacking. In this study, we performed an extensive analysis to un…
GLiNER-BioMed: A Suite of Efficient Models for Open Biomedical Named Entity Recognition
Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva（日内瓦大学医学院放射学与医学信息学系）；Knowledgator Engineering（Knowledgator工程）
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Adobe Research（Adobe研究院）
Compared to the general news domain, information extraction (IE) from biomedical text requires much broader domain knowledge. However, many previous IE methods do not utilize any external knowledge during inference. Due to the exponential growth of biomedical publications, models that do not go beyond their fixed set of parameters will likely fall behind. Inspired by how humans look up relevant information to comprehend a scientific text, we present a novel framework that utilizes external knowledge for joint entity and relation extraction named KECI (Knowledge-Enhanced Collective Inference). …
Training-Free BioNEL-RAG: Advancing Biomedical Entity Linking through Retrieval-Augmented Generation and Large Language Model
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；School of Biomedical Engineering（生物医学工程学院）；Division of Life Sciences and Medicine（生命科学与医学部）；Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instruments（精密机械与精密仪器系）
Biomedical named entity recognition (NER) is a fundamental task in text mining of medical documents and has many applications. Deep learning based approaches to this task have been gaining increasing attention in recent years as their parameters can be learned end-to-end without the need for hand-engineered features. However, these approaches rely on high-quality labeled data, which is expensive to obtain. To address this issue, we investigate how to use unlabeled text data to improve the performance of NER models. Specifically, we train a bidirectional language model (BiLM) on unlabeled data …
Augmenting Biomedical Named Entity Recognition with General-domain Resources
University of Liverpool（利物浦大学）；Korea University（高丽大学）；National Center for Biotechnology Information（美国国家生物技术信息中心）；National Library of Medicine（美国国家医学图书馆）；National Institutes of Health（美国国立卫生研究院）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）
Partial Annotation Learning for Biomedical Entity Recognition
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院国家科学图书馆）；Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC), University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学逻辑、语言与计算研究所）
University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA（马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校（美国））；Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, USA（陈-扎克伯格倡议组织（美国））
We explore the suitability of unsupervised representation learning methods on biomedical text -- BioBERT, SciBERT, and BioSentVec -- for biomedical question answering. To further improve unsupervised representations for biomedical QA, we introduce a new pre-training task from unlabeled data designed to reason about biomedical entities in the context. Our pre-training method consists of corrupting a given context by randomly replacing some mention of a biomedical entity with a random entity mention and then querying the model with the correct entity mention in order to locate the corrupted part…
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
Biomedical entity linking is the task of linking entity mentions in a biomedical document to referent entities in a knowledge base. Recently, many BERT-based models have been introduced for the task. While these models have achieved competitive results on many datasets, they are computationally expensive and contain about 110M parameters. Little is known about the factors contributing to their impressive performance and whether the over-parameterization is needed. In this work, we shed some light on the inner working mechanisms of these large BERT-based models. Through a set of probing experim…
PrionNER: A Named Entity Recognition Dataset for Prion Disease Biomedical Literature
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Medical Doctor, Independent Researcher（医学博士，独立研究员）；Center for Language AI Research, Tohoku University（语言人工智能研究中心，东北大学）；RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project（日本理化学研究院高级智能项目中心）；National Institute of Informatics（信息机构国家研究所）
Background: Finding biomedical named entities is one of the most essential tasks in biomedical text mining. Recently, deep learning-based approaches have been applied to biomedical named entity recognition (BioNER) and showed promising results. However, as deep learning approaches need an abundant amount of training data, a lack of data can hinder performance. BioNER datasets are scarce resources and each dataset covers only a small subset of entity types. Furthermore, many bio entities are polysemous, which is one of the major obstacles in named entity recognition. Results: To address the lac…
MedPath: Multi-Domain Cross-Vocabulary Hierarchical Paths for Biomedical Entity Linking
Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands（阿姆斯特丹大学医学信息学系，阿姆斯特丹大学医学中心，荷兰）；Amsterdam Public Health, Methodology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands（阿姆斯特丹公共卫生，方法学，阿姆斯特丹，荷兰）；ILLC, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands（阿姆斯特丹大学ILLC，荷兰）
University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Monash University（莫纳什大学）；Amazon Alexa（亚马逊Alexa）
Despite the widespread success of self-supervised learning via masked language models (MLM), accurately capturing fine-grained semantic relationships in the biomedical domain remains a challenge. This is of paramount importance for entity-level tasks such as entity linking where the ability to model entity relations (especially synonymy) is pivotal. To address this challenge, we propose SapBERT, a pretraining scheme that self-aligns the representation space of biomedical entities. We design a scalable metric learning framework that can leverage UMLS, a massive collection of biomedical ontologi…
Entity linking is the task of linking mentions of named entities in natural language text, to entities in a curated knowledge-base. This is of significant importance in the biomedical domain, where it could be used to semantically annotate a large volume of clinical records and biomedical literature, to standardized concepts described in an ontology such as Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). We observe that with precise type information, entity disambiguation becomes a straightforward task. However, fine-grained type information is usually not available in biomedical domain. Thus, we prop…
We introduce biomedical and clinical English model packages for the Stanza Python NLP library. These packages offer accurate syntactic analysis and named entity recognition capabilities for biomedical and clinical text, by combining Stanza's fully neural architecture with a wide variety of open datasets as well as large-scale unsupervised biomedical and clinical text data. We show via extensive experiments that our packages achieve syntactic analysis and named entity recognition performance that is on par with or surpasses state-of-the-art results. We further show that these models do not comp…
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；University of Southern California（南加州大学）；Stanford University（斯坦福大学）
Motivation: State-of-the-art biomedical named entity recognition (BioNER) systems often require handcrafted features specific to each entity type, such as genes, chemicals and diseases. Although recent studies explored using neural network models for BioNER to free experts from manual feature engineering, the performance remains limited by the available training data for each entity type. Results: We propose a multi-task learning framework for BioNER to collectively use the training data of different types of entities and improve the performance on each of them. In experiments on 15 benchmark …
Automatically locating named entities in natural language text - named entity recognition - is an important task in the biomedical domain. Many named entity mentions are ambiguous between several bioconcept types, however, causing text spans to be annotated as more than one type when simultaneously recognizing multiple entity types. The straightforward solution is a rule-based approach applying a priority order based on the precision of each entity tagger (from highest to lowest). While this method is straightforward and useful, imprecise disambiguation remains a significant source of error. W…
Motivation: The proliferation of Biomedical research articles has made the task of information retrieval more important than ever. Scientists and Researchers are having difficulty in finding articles that contain information relevant to them. Proper extraction of biomedical entities like Disease, Drug/chem, Species, Gene/protein, can considerably improve the filtering of articles resulting in better extraction of relevant information. Performance on BioNer benchmarks has progressively improved because of progression in transformers-based models like BERT, XLNet, OpenAI, GPT2, etc. These models…
