Semi-Supervised Video Salient Object Detection Using Pseudo-Labels
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；DarkMatter AI Research（暗物质人工智能研究院）；Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen)（香港中文大学（深圳）深圳大数据研究院）；Megvii Technology（旷视科技）
Deep learning-based video salient object detection has recently achieved great success with its performance significantly outperforming any other unsupervised methods. However, existing data-driven approaches heavily rely on a large quantity of pixel-wise annotated video frames to deliver such promising results. In this paper, we address the semi-supervised video salient object detection task using pseudo-labels. Specifically, we present an effective video saliency detector that consists of a spatial refinement network and a spatiotemporal module. Based on the same refinement network and motion information in terms of optical flow, we further propose a novel method for generating pixel-level pseudo-labels from sparsely annotated frames. By utilizing the generated pseudo-labels together with a part of manual annotations, our video saliency detector learns spatial and temporal cues for both contrast inference and coherence enhancement, thus producing accurate saliency maps. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed semi-supervised method even greatly outperforms all the state-of-the-art fully supervised methods across three public benchmarks of VOS, DAVIS, and FBMS.
Recent advances in supervised salient object detection has resulted in significant performance on benchmark datasets. Training such models, however, requires expensive pixel-wise annotations of salient objects. Moreover, many existing salient object detection models assume that at least one salient object exists in the input image. Such an assumption often leads to less appealing saliency maps on the background images, which contain no salient object at all. To avoid the requirement of expensive pixel-wise salient region annotations, in this paper, we study weakly supervised learning approache…
Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）；VIVO Inc.（维沃移动通信有限公司）
Humans have a strong class-agnostic object segmentation ability and can outline boundaries of unknown objects precisely, which motivates us to propose a box-supervised class-agnostic object segmentation (BoxCaseg) based solution for weakly-supervised instance segmentation. The BoxCaseg model is jointly trained using box-supervised images and salient images in a multi-task learning manner. The fine-annotated salient images provide class-agnostic and precise object localization guidance for box-supervised images. The object masks predicted by a pretrained BoxCaseg model are refined via a novel m…
Salient object detection segments attractive objects in scenes. RGB and thermal modalities provide complementary information and scribble annotations alleviate large amounts of human labor. Based on the above facts, we propose a scribble-supervised RGB-T salient object detection model. By a four-step solution (expansion, prediction, aggregation, and supervision), label-sparse challenge of scribble-supervised method is solved. To expand scribble annotations, we collect the superpixels that foreground scribbles pass through in RGB and thermal images, respectively. The expanded multi-modal labels…
Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）；Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；CSIRO Australia（澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织）；Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（起源人工智能研究院）
Significant performance improvement has been achieved for fully-supervised video salient object detection with the pixel-wise labeled training datasets, which are time-consuming and expensive to obtain. To relieve the burden of data annotation, we present the first weakly supervised video salient object detection model based on relabeled "fixation guided scribble annotations". Specifically, an "Appearance-motion fusion module" and bidirectional ConvLSTM based framework are proposed to achieve effective multi-modal learning and long-term temporal context modeling based on our new weak annotatio…
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；SenseTime Group Limited（商汤集团有限公司）
Deep learning based salient object detection has recently achieved great success with its performance greatly outperforms any other unsupervised methods. However, annotating per-pixel saliency masks is a tedious and inefficient procedure. In this paper, we note that superior salient object detection can be obtained by iteratively mining and correcting the labeling ambiguity on saliency maps from traditional unsupervised methods. We propose to use the combination of a coarse salient object activation map from the classification network and saliency maps generated from unsupervised methods as pi…
Nanjing University of Science and Technology（南京理工大学）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of AI（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）；University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；University of Adelaide（阿德莱德大学）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）
Semantic segmentation aims to classify every pixel of an input image. Considering the difficulty of acquiring dense labels, researchers have recently been resorting to weak labels to alleviate the annotation burden of segmentation. However, existing works mainly concentrate on expanding the seed of pseudo labels within the image's salient region. In this work, we propose a non-salient region object mining approach for weakly supervised semantic segmentation. We introduce a graph-based global reasoning unit to strengthen the classification network's ability to capture global relations among dis…
Salient Object Detection (SOD) is a popular and important topic aimed at precise detection and segmentation of the interesting regions in the images. We integrate the linguistic information into the vision-based U-Structure networks designed for salient object detection tasks. The experiments are based on the newly created DUTS Cross Modal (DUTS-CM) dataset, which contains both visual and linguistic labels. We propose a new module called efficient Cross-Modal Self-Attention (eCMSA) to combine visual and linguistic features and improve the performance of the original U-structure networks. Meanw…
School of Advanced Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University（西交利物浦大学先进技术学院）
Sparse labels have been attracting much attention in recent years. However, the performance gap between weakly supervised and fully supervised salient object detection methods is huge, and most previous weakly supervised works adopt complex training methods with many bells and whistles. In this work, we propose a one-round end-to-end training approach for weakly supervised salient object detection via scribble annotations without pre/post-processing operations or extra supervision data. Since scribble labels fail to offer detailed salient regions, we propose a local coherence loss to propagate…
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）；Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence (IIAI)（人工智能初始研究所）；Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence（穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学）
Existing CNNs-based salient object detection (SOD) heavily depends on the large-scale pixel-level annotations, which is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive. By contrast, the sparse annotations become appealing to the salient object detection community. However, few efforts are devoted to learning salient object detection from sparse annotations, especially in the remote sensing field. In addition, the sparse annotation usually contains scanty information, which makes it challenging to train a well-performing model, resulting in its performance largely lagging behind the fully-superv…
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）
Salient object detection aims at detecting the most visually distinct objects and producing the corresponding masks. As the cost of pixel-level annotations is high, image tags are usually used as weak supervisions. However, an image tag can only be used to annotate one class of objects. In this paper, we introduce saliency subitizing as the weak supervision since it is class-agnostic. This allows the supervision to be aligned with the property of saliency detection, where the salient objects of an image could be from more than one class. To this end, we propose a model with two modules, Salien…
Weakly-supervised salient object detection (WSOD) aims to develop saliency models using image-level annotations. Despite of the success of previous works, explorations on an effective training strategy for the saliency network and accurate matches between image-level annotations and salient objects are still inadequate. In this work, 1) we propose a self-calibrated training strategy by explicitly establishing a mutual calibration loop between pseudo labels and network predictions, liberating the saliency network from error-prone propagation caused by pseudo labels. 2) we prove that even a much…
Fudan University（复旦大学）；Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University（复旦大学义乌研究院）
Video salient object detection models trained on pixel-wise dense annotation have achieved excellent performance, yet obtaining pixel-by-pixel annotated datasets is laborious. Several works attempt to use scribble annotations to mitigate this problem, but point supervision as a more labor-saving annotation method (even the most labor-saving method among manual annotation methods for dense prediction), has not been explored. In this paper, we propose a strong baseline model based on point supervision. To infer saliency maps with temporal information, we mine inter-frame complementary informatio…
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；ACRV（澳大利亚机器人视觉中心）；Data61（数据61）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学）
Compared with laborious pixel-wise dense labeling, it is much easier to label data by scribbles, which only costs 1$\sim$2 seconds to label one image. However, using scribble labels to learn salient object detection has not been explored. In this paper, we propose a weakly-supervised salient object detection model to learn saliency from such annotations. In doing so, we first relabel an existing large-scale salient object detection dataset with scribbles, namely S-DUTS dataset. Since object structure and detail information is not identified by scribbles, directly training with scribble labels …
Tencent Jarvis Lab（腾讯Jarvis实验室）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
Automated salient object detection (SOD) plays an increasingly crucial role in many computer vision applications. By reformulating the depth information as supervision rather than as input, depth-supervised convolutional neural networks (CNN) have achieved promising results on both RGB and RGB-D SOD scenarios with the merits of no requirements for extra depth networks and depth inputs in the inference stage. This paper, for the first time, seeks to expand the applicability of depth supervision to the Transformer architecture. Specifically, we develop a Depth-supervised Fusion TRansformer (DFTR…
Nankai University（南开大学）；Beijing Institute of Technology（北京理工大学）；Hefei University of Technology（合肥工业大学）
Recent progress on salient object detection mainly aims at exploiting how to effectively integrate multi-scale convolutional features in convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Many popular methods impose deep supervision to perform side-output predictions that are linearly aggregated for final saliency prediction. In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that linear aggregation of side-output predictions is suboptimal, and it only makes limited use of the side-output information obtained by deep supervision. To solve this problem, we propose Deeply-supervised Nonlinear Agg…
Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）；Ningbo University（宁波大学）；City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute（香港城市大学深圳研究院）
Fully-supervised salient object detection (SOD) methods have made great progress, but such methods often rely on a large number of pixel-level annotations, which are time-consuming and labour-intensive. In this paper, we focus on a new weakly-supervised SOD task under hybrid labels, where the supervision labels include a large number of coarse labels generated by the traditional unsupervised method and a small number of real labels. To address the issues of label noise and quantity imbalance in this task, we design a new pipeline framework with three sophisticated training strategies. In terms…
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）
In this paper, we tackle the challenging task of unsupervised salient object detection (SOD) by leveraging spectral clustering on self-supervised features. We make the following contributions: (i) We revisit spectral clustering and demonstrate its potential to group the pixels of salient objects; (ii) Given mask proposals from multiple applications of spectral clustering on image features computed from various self-supervised models, e.g., MoCov2, SwAV, DINO, we propose a simple but effective winner-takes-all voting mechanism for selecting the salient masks, leveraging object priors based on f…
Dalian University of Technology（大连理工大学）；Pengcheng Lab（鹏城实验室）；Key Lab for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province（辽宁省泛在网络与服务软件重点实验室）
Weakly supervised salient object detection (WSOD) targets to train a CNNs-based saliency network using only low-cost annotations. Existing WSOD methods take various techniques to pursue single "high-quality" pseudo label from low-cost annotations and then develop their saliency networks. Though these methods have achieved good performance, the generated single label is inevitably affected by adopted refinement algorithms and shows prejudiced characteristics which further influence the saliency networks. In this work, we introduce a new multiple-pseudo-label framework to integrate more comprehe…
Current state-of-the-art saliency detection models rely heavily on large datasets of accurate pixel-wise annotations, but manually labeling pixels is time-consuming and labor-intensive. There are some weakly supervised methods developed for alleviating the problem, such as image label, bounding box label, and scribble label, while point label still has not been explored in this field. In this paper, we propose a novel weakly-supervised salient object detection method using point supervision. To infer the saliency map, we first design an adaptive masked flood filling algorithm to generate pseud…
Top-down saliency models produce a probability map that peaks at target locations specified by a task/goal such as object detection. They are usually trained in a fully supervised setting involving pixel-level annotations of objects. We propose a weakly supervised top-down saliency framework using only binary labels that indicate the presence/absence of an object in an image. First, the probabilistic contribution of each image region to the confidence of a CNN-based image classifier is computed through a backtracking strategy to produce top-down saliency. From a set of saliency maps of an imag…
Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；China University of Petroleum (East China)（中国石油大学（华东））；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；Western University（韦仕敦大学）
Although deep salient object detection (SOD) has achieved remarkable progress, deep SOD models are extremely data-hungry, requiring large-scale pixel-wise annotations to deliver such promising results. In this paper, we propose a novel yet effective method for SOD, coined SODGAN, which can generate infinite high-quality image-mask pairs requiring only a few labeled data, and these synthesized pairs can replace the human-labeled DUTS-TR to train any off-the-shelf SOD model. Its contribution is three-fold. 1) Our proposed diffusion embedding network can address the manifold mismatch and is tract…
Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学）；ByteDance Inc.（字节跳动公司）；Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data（深圳大数据研究院）
Recent advances in deep learning significantly boost the performance of salient object detection (SOD) at the expense of labeling larger-scale per-pixel annotations. To relieve the burden of labor-intensive labeling, deep unsupervised SOD methods have been proposed to exploit noisy labels generated by handcrafted saliency methods. However, it is still difficult to learn accurate saliency details from rough noisy labels. In this paper, we propose to learn saliency from synthetic but clean labels, which naturally has higher pixel-labeling quality without the effort of manual annotations. Specifi…
Nankai University（南开大学）；University of Central Florida（中佛罗里达大学）；University of California at San Diego（加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）
Recent progress on saliency detection is substantial, benefiting mostly from the explosive development of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Semantic segmentation and saliency detection algorithms developed lately have been mostly based on Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNs). There is still a large room for improvement over the generic FCN models that do not explicitly deal with the scale-space problem. Holistically-Nested Edge Detector (HED) provides a skip-layer structure with deep supervision for edge and boundary detection, but the performance gain of HED on salience detection is…
We propose an augmentation policy for Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning (SSL) in the form of an already established Salient Image Segmentation technique entitled Global Contrast based Salient Region Detection. This detection technique, which had been devised for unrelated Computer Vision tasks, was empirically observed to play the role of an augmentation facilitator within the SSL protocol. This observation is rooted in our practical attempts to learn, by SSL-fashion, aerial imagery of solar panels, which exhibit challenging boundary patterns. Upon the successful integration of this techniq…
From Sight to Insight: Unleashing Eye-Tracking in Weakly Supervised Video Salient Object Detection
Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University（北京交通大学信息科学研究院）；School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University（山东大学控制科学与工程学院）；ByteDance China（字节跳动中国）；ByteDance USA（字节跳动美国）；Lingnan University（岭南大学）
Weakly-Supervised RGB-D Salient Object Detection via SAM-driven Pseudo Annotation and State Space Interaction-based Diffusion
School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University（上海大学通信与信息工程学院）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University（南洋理工大学计算机科学与工程学院）
Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学）
Salient instance segmentation is a new challenging task that received widespread attention in the saliency detection area. The new generation of saliency detection provides a strong theoretical and technical basis for video surveillance. Due to the limited scale of the existing dataset and the high mask annotations cost, plenty of supervision source is urgently needed to train a well-performing salient instance model. In this paper, we aim to train a novel salient instance segmentation framework by an inexact supervision without resorting to laborious labeling. To this end, we present a cyclic…
SAMSOD: Rethinking SAM Optimization for RGB-T Salient Object Detection
Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University（教育部智能计算与信号处理重点实验室，计算机科学与技术学院，安徽大学）
This paper presents a co-salient object detection method to find common salient regions in a set of images. We utilize deep saliency networks to transfer co-saliency prior knowledge and better capture high-level semantic information, and the resulting initial co-saliency maps are enhanced by seed propagation steps over an integrated graph. The deep saliency networks are trained in a supervised manner to avoid online weakly supervised learning and exploit them not only to extract high-level features but also to produce both intra- and inter-image saliency maps. Through a refinement step, the in…
Qingdao University（青岛大学）；Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics（江西财经大学）
Previous video salient object detection (VSOD) approaches have mainly focused on designing fancy networks to achieve their performance improvements. However, with the slow-down in development of deep learning techniques recently, it may become more and more difficult to anticipate another breakthrough via fancy networks solely. To this end, this paper proposes a universal learning scheme to get a further 3\% performance improvement for all state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. The major highlight of our method is that we resort the "motion quality"---a brand new concept, to select a sub-group of vi…
Existing deep learning-based Unsupervised Salient Object Detection (USOD) methods rely on supervised pre-trained deep models. Moreover, they generate pseudo labels based on hand-crafted features, which lack high-level semantic information. In order to overcome these shortcomings, we propose a new two-stage Activation-to-Saliency (A2S) framework that effectively excavates high-quality saliency cues to train a robust saliency detector. It is worth noting that our method does not require any manual annotation, even in the pre-training phase. In the first stage, we transform an unsupervisedly pre-…
State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学虚拟现实技术与系统国家重点实验室）；School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University（北京航空航天大学交通科学与工程学院）；Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)（哈尔滨工业大学（深圳））；SenseTime Research（商汤科技研究院）；China University of Petroleum (East China)（中国石油大学（华东））；Peng Cheng Laboratory（鹏城实验室）；Case Western Reserve University（凯斯西储大学）
Although weakly-supervised techniques can reduce the labeling effort, it is unclear whether a saliency model trained with weakly-supervised data (e.g., point annotation) can achieve the equivalent performance of its fully-supervised version. This paper attempts to answer this unexplored question by proving a hypothesis: there is a point-labeled dataset where saliency models trained on it can achieve equivalent performance when trained on the densely annotated dataset. To prove this conjecture, we proposed a novel yet effective adversarial trajectory-ensemble active learning (ATAL). Our contrib…
Weakly supervised semantic segmentation and localiza- tion have a problem of focusing only on the most important parts of an image since they use only image-level annota- tions. In this paper, we solve this problem fundamentally via two-phase learning. Our networks are trained in two steps. In the first step, a conventional fully convolutional network (FCN) is trained to find the most discriminative parts of an image. In the second step, the activations on the most salient parts are suppressed by inference conditional feedback, and then the second learning is performed to find the area of the …
Region-Aware CAM: High-Resolution Weakly-Supervised Defect Segmentation via Salient Region Perception
School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology（仪器科学与工程学院，哈尔滨工业大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology Suzhou Research Institute（哈尔滨工业大学苏州研究所）
We present a conceptually simple self-supervised method for saliency detection. Our method generates and uses pseudo-ground truth labels for training. The generated pseudo-GT labels don't require any kind of human annotations (e.g., pixel-wise labels or weak labels like scribbles). Recent works show that features extracted from classification tasks provide important saliency cues like structure and semantic information of salient objects in the image. Our method, called 3SD, exploits this idea by adding a branch for a self-supervised classification task in parallel with salient object detectio…
Oxford University（牛津大学）；Microsoft Research Asia（微软亚洲研究院）
Salient object detection has been attracting a lot of interest, and recently various heuristic computational models have been designed. In this paper, we formulate saliency map computation as a regression problem. Our method, which is based on multi-level image segmentation, utilizes the supervised learning approach to map the regional feature vector to a saliency score. Saliency scores across multiple levels are finally fused to produce the saliency map. The contributions lie in two-fold. One is that we propose a discriminate regional feature integration approach for salient object detection.…
We propose an approach to discover class-specific pixels for the weakly-supervised semantic segmentation task. We show that properly combining saliency and attention maps allows us to obtain reliable cues capable of significantly boosting the performance. First, we propose a simple yet powerful hierarchical approach to discover the class-agnostic salient regions, obtained using a salient object detector, which otherwise would be ignored. Second, we use fully convolutional attention maps to reliably localize the class-specific regions in a given image. We combine these two cues to discover clas…
Video salient object detection (VSOD), as a fundamental computer vision problem, has been extensively discussed in the last decade. However, all existing works focus on addressing the VSOD problem in 2D scenarios. With the rapid development of VR devices, panoramic videos have been a promising alternative to 2D videos to provide immersive feelings of the real world. In this paper, we aim to tackle the video salient object detection problem for panoramic videos, with their corresponding ambisonic audios. A multimodal fusion module equipped with two pseudo-siamese audio-visual context fusion (AC…
Recent deep learning-based video salient object detection (VSOD) has achieved some breakthrough, but these methods rely on expensive annotated videos with pixel-wise annotations, weak annotations, or part of the pixel-wise annotations. In this paper, based on the similarities and the differences between VSOD and image salient object detection (SOD), we propose a novel VSOD method via a progressive framework that locates and segments salient objects in sequence without utilizing any video annotation. To use the knowledge learned in the SOD dataset for VSOD efficiently, we introduce dynamic sali…
SenseTime（商汤科技）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Shanghai AI Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）
Most weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) methods follow the pipeline that generates pseudo-masks initially and trains the segmentation model with the pseudo-masks in fully supervised manner after. However, we find some matters related to the pseudo-masks, including high quality pseudo-masks generation from class activation maps (CAMs), and training with noisy pseudo-mask supervision. For these matters, we propose the following designs to push the performance to new state-of-art: (i) Coefficient of Variation Smoothing to smooth the CAMs adaptively; (ii) Proportional Pseudo-mask Gener…
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；Southwest University of Science and Technology（西南科技大学）
The success of fully supervised saliency detection models depends on a large number of pixel-wise labeling. In this paper, we work on bounding-box based weakly-supervised saliency detection to relieve the labeling effort. Given the bounding box annotation, we observe that pixels inside the bounding box may contain extensive labeling noise. However, as a large amount of background is excluded, the foreground bounding box region contains a less complex background, making it possible to perform handcrafted features-based saliency detection with only the cropped foreground region. As the conventio…
Seamless Detection: Unifying Salient Object Detection and Camouflaged Object Detection
School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Changzhou University（常州大学计算机科学与人工智能学院）；School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University（西北工业大学自动化学院）；Department of Automation, Tsinghua University（清华大学自动化系）
Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Gravitational Wave Detection（上海引力波探测前沿科学研究中心）
Pseudo-supervised learning methods have been shown to be effective for weakly supervised object localization tasks. However, the effectiveness depends on the powerful regularization ability of deep neural networks. Based on the assumption that the localization network should have similar location predictions on different versions of the same image, we propose a two-stage approach to learn more consistent localization. In the first stage, we propose a mask-based pseudo label generator algorithm, and use the pseudo-supervised learning method to initialize an object localization network. In the s…
Detecting and segmenting salient objects from given image scenes has received great attention in recent years. A fundamental challenge in training the existing deep saliency detection models is the requirement of large amounts of annotated data. While gathering large quantities of training data becomes cheap and easy, annotating the data is an expensive process in terms of time, labor and human expertise. To address this problem, this paper proposes to learn the effective salient object detection model based on the manual annotation on a few training images only, thus dramatically alleviating …
Recently, several weakly supervised learning methods have been devoted to utilize bounding box supervision for training deep semantic segmentation models. Most existing methods usually leverage the generic proposal generators (e.g., dense CRF and MCG) to produce enhanced segmentation masks for further training segmentation models. These proposal generators, however, are generic and not specifically designed for box-supervised semantic segmentation, thereby leaving some leeway for improving segmentation performance. In this paper, we aim at seeking for a more accurate learning-based class-agnos…
MEGVII Technology（旷视科技）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Waseda University（早稻田大学）
To date, the most powerful semi-supervised object detectors (SS-OD) are based on pseudo-boxes, which need a sequence of post-processing with fine-tuned hyper-parameters. In this work, we propose replacing the sparse pseudo-boxes with the dense prediction as a united and straightforward form of pseudo-label. Compared to the pseudo-boxes, our Dense Pseudo-Label (DPL) does not involve any post-processing method, thus retaining richer information. We also introduce a region selection technique to highlight the key information while suppressing the noise carried by dense labels. We name our propose…
